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Division. 
Section 


BS1225" 


DEC  8   1B9 


THE 


flflRTFORD    5e"IN/1RT    f^ECORD 

ISSUED  UNDER  THE  AUSPICES  OF 

THE   FACULTY 

OK 

fartforti  Cl^cological  ^cminar^ 


PUBLISHED   BI-MONTHLY 

Vol.  II.   No.   i— October,   1891 


Q0NTENT5 


Editorials 

Contributed  Articles 

The  P«5<ateuchal  Analysis  and  Inspiration.     Professor  E(hi<iii   Con 

Book  Notes 

Soniu'iisc/u'iii's  The  Best  Books  .... 
''  JMcRcalshaiii's  "  Romans  Dissected  . 
Biirton\<:  Moods  and  Tenses  of  N.  T.  Greek 
Thompson's  Divine  Order  of  Human  Society    . 
Camphcll,  Knox,  and  Byrnes'  Darkness  and  Dajiight 

"The  Pacific" 

"  The  Presbyterian  " 

Alumni  News 

Western  Massachusetts  Association    . 
Personal  Items 

Seminary  Annals 

Opening  of  the  Fifty-Eighth  Year      . 

English  Literature  Prize 

Roll  of  .Students  for  1891-92  .... 

IMiscellaneous  Items      ... 


24 
25 
26 
26 


31 
3.? 
34 
36 


[Entered  at  the  Hartford  Post-Office  as  Second  Cla^  Matter] 

HARTFORD,  CONN. 
1891 


HflRTFORb  5EniNflRT   RECORD. 


SPECIAL   OFFERS. 


A     Complete   s^t   of    the   issues   of    Vol.    I    will   be    sent  to   any 
address    (post-paid)   for  50    cents.       These    issues   contain, 
with    other    important    matter, 

Articles  by  President  Hartranft  on 

BREADTH  OF  THOUGHT. 

By  E.  H.  BviNGTON,  on 

OPEN-AIR    PREACHING. 

By  Professor  Zenos,  on 

INSPIRATION    AND    INERRANCY,    Etc. 

Also    a    Complete    Alumni    Register    of   the    Se:\iinarv  ;   also 
Editorials  on  Current  Topics,  numerous  Book  Re- 
views, Personal  Items,  Letters,  Etc. 


VyE    will   bind    up    sets    of    Vol.    I    (if    in   good    condition;    at 
the  following  advantageous  rates  :     Half-leather,  75  cents ; 
Cloth,  50  cents.     (Expenses  of   transportation  to  and  from  Hartford 
to  be   borne   by    the    sender.) 

Volume   H    will  be  sent  to  any  address    (post-paid)  for    $1.00. 
Address   orders   to 

THE    RECORD, 

Thtologkal  Scmhiary, 

Hartford,   Conn. 


HARTFORD   THEOLOGICAL    SEMINARY. 

bounded  1834. 
TAG  U  LTV. 

Chester  D.  IIartranft,   D.I).,   Prksident,   Waldo  Professor  of  Biblical  and 

Ecclesiastical  History,  and  Instructor  in  Encyclopaedia  and  Methodologv. 
Edwin    C.    I5isseli.,    1 ).!).,  Nettlcton    Professor   of  the    Hebrew  Language   and 

],iteraturc,  and  Instructor  in  Syriac  and  Biblical  Aramaic. 
Graham  Taylor,  D.I).,  Samuel  Hawes  Professor  of  Practical  Theology. 
Waldo  S.  Pratt,  A.M.,  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  Music  and  Hymnology,  and 

Instructor  in  Elocution. 
Melancthon  W.  Jacobus,  A.M.,  Hosmer  Professor  of  New  Testament  Exegesis. 
Clark  S.  Bf.ardslee.  A.M.,  Associate  Professor  of  Systematic  Theology. 
Williston  Walker,  Ph.  D.,  Associate  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History. 
Arthur  L.  Gillett,  A.M.,  Associate  Professor  of  Apologetics. 
Alfred  T.  Perry,  A.M.,  Instructor  in  Bibliology,  and  Librarian. 
Augustus  C.  Thompson,  D.D.,  Lecturer  on  Foreign  Missions. 
Austin  B.  Bassett,  B.D.,  Lecturer  on  Experiential  Theology. 
Charles  C.  Stearns,  A.M.,  Carew  Lecturer  for  1891-92.    Subject:  "New  Lights 

from  Old  Records  of  a  Forgotten  People." 


The  Bible  holds  a  central  position  in  the  system  of  the  institution.  The  course 
of  study  aims  (i)  to  establish  sound  methods  of  investigating  the  Scriptures,  (2) 
to  train  the  power  of  formulating  Scriptural  truth,  and  (3)  to  indicate  the  way  of 
applying  that  truth  to  the  facts  of  history  and  experience  and  to  all  problems  of  the 
present  and  the  future.  Hence,  the  Seminary  presents  God's  thought  and  God's 
will  as  the  supreme  objects  of  all  science  and  the  supreme  guides  of  all  conduct. 
It  is  thus  forced  to  oppose  all  rationalistic  and  secularizing  tendencies.  Its  chief 
purpose  as  an  educational  agency  is  the  formation  under  God  of  personal  religious 
■character,  as  the  only  basis  for  scholarship,  conduct,  and  power. 

The  method  of  instruction  is  partly  through  text-books,  partly  by  lectures,  and 
partly  through  original  investigation  on  the  part  of  the  student.  Emphasis  is  laid 
throughout  upon  a  close  personal  relation  between  instructor  and  pupil.  The 
apparatus  includes  ample  buildings,  a  library  of  45,000  volumes  and  over  20,000 
pamphlets,  reading-room,  gymnasium,  etc.  Methods  believed  to  be  peculiarly 
effective  are  used  in  Hebrew  and  Greek,  in  history,  in  dogmatic  theology,  and  in 
pastoral  theology.  In  the  latter  field  extensive  practical  work  is  expected  in 
preaching,  in  the  methods  of  all  varieties  of  evangelistic  and  charitable  effort,  and 
in  personal  Christian  work.  Systematic  instruction  is  given  in  music  and  elocution. 
In  view  of  the  value  to  students  of  theology  of  a  knowledge  of  German,  instruction 
in  that  language  is  provided.  With  the  present  year  a  large  part  of  the  course 
becomes  elective. 

Special  and  advanced  courses  are  provided  for  those  who  desire  them. 

Four  prizes  and  two  fellowships  for  foreign  study,  are  offered. 

Terms  of  Admission. —  Candidates  for  admission  must  be  members  of  some 
Christian  church  and  graduates  of  some  college  (or  at  least  of  sufficient  literary 
acquisition  to  undertake  the  regular  course).  Those  who  are  not  college  graduates 
may  be  admitted  on  probation  during  the  first  semester. 

All  courses  are  open  to  women  on  the  same  terms  as  to  men. 

Expenses. —  No  charge  is  made  for  tuition,  rooms,  furniture  and  bedding,  or 
use  of  the  library  and  apparatus,  except  a  nominal  fee  of  $20  for  use  of  steam  and 
for  supervision.  Board  is  provided  at  the  Seminary  under  the  care  of  the  Students' 
Association,  at  $3.50  per  week. 

Scholarship  aid  is  provided  for  those  needing  it  to  the  amount  of  $60  to  $100  per 
year,  in  addition  to  the  grant  of  $75  from  the  Education  Society. 

Calendar. —  The  fifty-eighth  year  begins  on  Sept.  17,  1891,  and  closes  on  May 
12,  1892.  The  various  courses  are  arranged  in  two  semesters,  the  second  of  which 
begins  on  Jan.  18,  1892.     Examinations  are  held  at  the  close  of  both  semesters. 

For  the  annual  Register,  address  either  the  President  or  the  Registrar. 


CYCLING    FOR   CLERGYMEN. 


IT  is  now  a  well-established  fact  that  the  bicycle  is  a  practical 
machine  for  ministers.  It  affords  them  the  best  of  exer- 
cise ;  it  takes  them  to  the  farthest  bounds  of  a  large  parish  with 
ease  and  speed  ;  it  keeps  them  in  touch  with  the  young  men 
and  women  ;   and  costs  less  than  a  horse. 

TESTIMONIALS. 


There  is  no  better  tonic  for  a  man  who 
must  think  and  study  much,  and  whose 
habits  must  be  therefore  sedentary,  than 
a  spin  upon  the  wheeL — Rev.  Way  land 
Hoyt,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

I  am  not  given  to  public  testimonials. 
This  is  my  first  one.  But  the  bicycle 
[Columbia]  has  been  such  a  benefit  to  me 
as  a  Minister  of  the  Gospel  that,  unso- 
licited, I  desire  to  recommend  it  to  my 
fellow-ministers.  It  does  for  the  nervous 
system  all  that  horseback  riding  supplies, 
and  with  but  a  trifle  of  the  expense.  I 
would  not  be  without  one. —  Rev.  M.  W. 
Lisle,  Pastor  of  Stewart  Street  Baptist 
Church,  Providence,  R.  I. 


I  have  ridden  a  bicycle  for  four  sea- 
sons, and  if  some  one  should  offer  to 
give  me  the  best  horse  in  the  country  and 
pay  for  his  keeping,  on  the  condition  that 
I  should  never  ride  the  bicycle  again,  I 
should,  without  hesitation,  refuse  the 
offer. —  Rev.  Charles  E.  Stowe,  Hartford, 
Conn. 

From  my  use  of  a  cycle  for  the  past 
three  years,  I  can  conscientiously  say 
that  it  is  the  best  mode  of  exercise,  and 
the  most  healthful  means  of  real  pleasure 
that  I  can  obtain,  and  that  any  one  can 
desire. —  Rev.  Robert  Granger,  Rector  St. 
John''s  Church,  Richfield  Springs,  N.  Y. 


.^.. 


COLUMBIA  CYCLES 


^ 


r 


Catalogue 


Free. 


Highest    Grade 
•         Only. 


POPE  MANUFACTURING  CO., 

77  Franklin  Street,  BOSTON,  MASS. 

Factory,  Hartford,  Conn. 

BRANCH   HOUSES: 
12  Warren  St.,  New  York.  291  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago. 


GALLUP  &  METZGER, 

169  Asylum    treet,      HARTFORD,  CONN. 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

KNABE,  BEHR  BROS.,  AND  HAINES  BROS. 

-^0    PIANOS    0-^ 
VOCALION  AND   PALACE 


ORGANS 


The    Largest    Stock   of    Sheet    Music,    Music    Books,  and    Musical 
Merchandise  in  the    State   can   be  found   at 

GALLUP   &   METZGER'S    MUSIC   STORE, 

169  Asylum  Street,  -  -  Hartford,  Conn. 

Liberal  Discounts  to  the  Profession. 


HARTFORD   SEMINARY   PUBLICATIONS. 


1  .  Some  Thoughts  on  the  Scope  of  Theology  and  Theological 
Education.     By  President  Chester  D.  Hartranft.    May,  iSSS.    24  pp.    {^Price,  10  cents.'\ 

2.  The  Practical  Training  Needed  for  the  Ministry  of  To-Day. 

By  Professor  Graham  Taylor.     October,  188S.     19  pp.     \Price,  10  cenis.] 

3.  The  Relations  of  New  Testament  Study  to  the  Present  Age. 

By  Professor  Andrew  C.  Zenos.     January,  1889.     19  pp.     [Price,  10  cents.] 

7-8.  Studies  in  the  English  Bible  and  Suggestions  about  Meth- 
ods of  Christian  Wortc.  I!y  Professors  Clark  S.  BEAROSLEHand  Graham  Taylor. 
A  practical  help  for  pastors,  lay-workers,  Bible-classes,  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  Christian  Endeavor  Socie- 
ties, etc.  Eight  numbers,  25-30  pp.  each.  December,  1889,10  July,  1890.  {Price,  30  cents /or  the 
entire  set.  Liberal  discount  on  orders  0/ tnore  than  ten  copies.]  These  Studies  and  Sijggbstions 
have  been  widely  used  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

9.  The  Nature  of  Public  Worship.  By  Professor  Waldo  S.  Pratt.  Jan- 
uary, iSgo.     24  pp.     [Price,  10  cents.] 

10.  A  Religious  Census  of  the  City  of  Hartford.  Being  a  reprint  of  a 
Report  of  the  Connecticut  Bible  Society.  The  canvass  and  the  tabulations  are  principally  the  work 
of  .Seminary  students,  working  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Graham  Taylor.  Februar\',  1S90. 
40  pp.     [Price,  2o  cents. 

1  2.  A  Hebrew  Vocabulary  of  the  Psalms.  By  Arthur  S.  Fiske. 
(Thompson  Fellow.)  Adapted  in  size  to  Baer  &  Delitzsch's  edition  of  the  Psalms.  First  issued  in 
1887.     42  pp.     [Price,  So  cetits.] 

For  copies  of  the  above,  address  the  Registrar. 


HARTFORD  STEAM  BOILER 


Inspection   and   Insurance  (^o. 


r— ^^^0   ORGANIZED   1866  m-i^zy^'^-^ 


THOROUGH   INSPECTIONS 

AND 

Insurance   against   loss   or   damage    to    property 

and    loss    of    life   and    injury    to 

persons   caused   by 

STEAM   BOILER   EXPLOSIONS. 


J.  M.  ALLEN,  President. 
J,  B.  Pierce,  Secy. 


W.  B.  FRANKLIN,  Vice-Prest. 
F.  B.  Allen,  2d  Vice-Prest. 


THE 

HARTFORD   SEMINARY   RECORD 

Vol.  IL   No.  i — October,   1891 


Published  bi-monthly  on  the  15th  of  October,  December,  February,  April,  June, 
and  August.  Subscription  price,  $1.00  per  year,  in  advance.  Remit  to  order  of 
The  Record,  Theological  Seminary,  Hartford,  Conn. 


Editorial  Board:  —  Professor  Waldo  Selden  Pratt,  Professor  Alfred 
Tyler  Perry,  Rev.  Franklin  Samuel  Hatch,  Rev.  John  Luther  Kilbon,  Mr. 
William  James  Tate. 


With  this  number  the  Record  enters  upon  its  second 
volume.  The  general  plan  and  aim  of  the  magazine  remain 
as  heretofore.  While  seeking  to  act  primarily  as  a  medium  of 
intercommunication  among  the  constituency  of  Hartford  The- 
ological Seminary,  we  shall  continue  to  discuss  topics  of  general 
interest  by  means  of  editorial  notes,  articles,  and  book  reviews. 
We  have  made  arrangements  to  devote  most  of  the  space  at  our 
disposal  for  contributed  articles  to  the  discussion  of  the  ques- 
tions of  Biblical  inspiration  and  authority,  and  of  their  practical 
applications,  which  are  so  much  engaging  the  thought  of  Ameri- 
can Christians  as  of  their  brethren  over  sea.  The  studies  which 
we  shall  present  are  all  prepared  especially  for  our  pages  and 
will  be  the  work  of  specialists.  In  accordance  with  this  plan. 
Professor  Bissell  in  this  number  states  and  illustrates  some  of 
the  bearings  of  Pentateuchal  criticism,  as  conducted  in  certain 
c|uarters,  upon  the  commonly  received  doctrine  of  the  inspira- 
tion of  the  Scriptures.  The  writer's  acknowledged  position  as 
an  authority  gives  great  weight  to  his  views  as  here  presented. 


The  air  of  popular  discussion  is  full,  apparently  as  never 
before,  of  talk  about  the  Bible.  What  is  the  Bible .''  In  what 
sense  is  it  the  Word  of  God.'     Is  it  .sufficient.'     Is  it  infallible.' 

(O 


Is  it  supreme  ?  These  and  similar  searching  questions  are  to 
be  heard  on  every  hand,  urgently  pressed,  often  by  confessed 
unbelievers,  as  if  they  had  never  been  asked  befoi'e.  We  do 
not  at  all  share  the  alarm  that  some  good  people  feel  about  the 
bluntness  with  which  these  and  similar  questions  are  sometimes 
asked ;  though  we  admit  that  bluntness  may  be  heedless  and 
brutal  as  well  as  earnest.  We  rather  welcome  serious  inquiry 
about  these  vital  subjects,  both  because  it  betokens  a  real  inter- 
est on  the  questioner's  part,  and  because  it  forces  the  Christian 
believer  to  give  reasons  both  to  himself  and  to  others  for  the 
faith  that  is  in  him.  The  net  results  of  such  questioning,  — 
setting  aside  those  cases  in  which  it  is  plainly  insincere  and 
flippant,  —  in  the  long  run  can  only  be  good.  Truth  is  truth, 
and  the  more  of  it  that  is  fully  ascertained  and  firmly  seated  in 
the  popular  mind  by  means  of  persistent  inquiry  and  discussion, 
the  better. 


Our  leading  demominational  newspaper  devoted  a  large 
part  of  one  of  its  recent  issues  to  a  statistical  and  critical  study 
of  the  facts  of  Sunday  observance,  occupation,  and  travel  in 
and  around  the  city  of  Boston  on  the  first  Sunday  of  August. 
Decided  skill  was  displayed  both  in  commissioning  competent 
reporters  and  in  properly  combining  their  reports  into  a  con- 
secutive, well  balanced,  and  readable  statement.  We  are  im- 
pressed, however,  not  so  much  by  the  journalistic  enterprise 
and  ability  which  this  effort  showed,  as  by  the  illustration  it 
afforded  of  a  most  essential  prerequisite  in  systematic  religious 
work,  namely,  an  energetic  gathering  of  the  facts  of  the  field 
under  consideration.  When  we  compare  the  methods  of  parish 
analysis  and  investigation  of  too  many  of  our  really  earnest 
workers  (not  to  speak  of  the  entire  lack  of  such  methods  among 
half-hearted  ones)  with  the  check-lists  of  the  politicians,  the 
personal  visitations  of  the  assessors,  the  police,  and  other 
municipal  officials,  and  even  the  peripatetic  inquiries  of 
book-canvassers  and  plant-venders,  —  when  we  contrast  the 
aimless  and  wholly  inaccurate  study  of  many  parishes  for  relig- 
ious purposes  with  these  and  other  persistent  investigations,  we 
must  confess  that  "the  sons  of  the  light"  are  not  only  appar- 
ently but  really  far  behind  "the  sons  of  this  world."     Aggress- 


ive  Christian  work,  whatever  its  particular  field,  cannot  be 
intelligently  done  without  a  mastery  of  the  actual  topography, 
population,  customs,  and  peculiar  circumstances  of  its  field. 
We  welcome  every  attempt,  by  whomsoever  made,  to  provide 
such  preliminary  material.  We  rejoice,  for  instance,  in  the 
capital  studies  of  the  Connecticut  Bible  Society.  We  applaud 
the  growing  habit  of  making  parish  censuses,  registers,  and 
maps.  We  thoroughly  endorse  the  house-to-house  canvasses 
of  the  Evangelical  Alliance.  And  we  trust  that  soon  such 
investigations  will  be  going  on  from  so  many  centers  that  a 
network  of  interlacing  religious  investigations  will  cover  the 
whole  face  of  the  land.  Thus  only  can  a  sure  basis  be  provided 
for  sound  evangelistic  progress.  Toward  this  basis  every  pas- 
tor, every  church,  every  religious  organization,  and  newspaper 
should  be  contributing  constantly  and  systematically. 


The  statement  that  the  Bible  should  occupy  a  central  posi- 
tion in  thought  and  education,  without  distinction  of  secular 
and  religious,  conveys  very  different  impressions  to  different 
minds.  To  some,  it  seems  to  threaten  a  return  to  the  intellect- 
ual follies  of  the  middle  ages.  The  school-men  held  as  their 
favorite  maxim  that  all  other  learning  was  but  the  handmaid  of 
theology.  If  the  Bible  be  made  central  in  all  thought,  in  all 
science,  will  it  not  be  necessary  to  forsake  the  inductive  method, 
and  return  to  a  priori  reasoning.''  No  man  in  his  right  mind 
would  advocate  deserting  the  inductive  method,  but  the  placing 
of  the  Bible  in  this  position  of  supremacy  involves  no  such  return 
to  mediaeval  methods.  To  make  the  Bible  central,  or  rather  to 
make  Biblical  theology  central,  in  all  thought  and  in  all  educa- 
tion is  simply  to  include  the  most  important  of  all  facts  in  the 
inductions  we  make.  We  plead  for  an  extension  of  the  inductive 
method,  rather  than  for  a  limitation  or  desertion  of  its  use. 

Again,  others  suppose  that  the  placing  of  the  Bible  in  the 
position  suggested  involves  the  acceptance  of  certain  theories 
of  its  composition  or  method.  Yet  certainly  one  need  not 
accept  anything  more  than  the  doctrinal  infallibility  of  Scripture 
to  be  obliged  by  his  very  belief  to  urge  the  placing  of  the  Bible 
in  the  position  which  this  infallibility  gives  it  the  right  to  hold. 
He  may  believe  that  Moses  wrote  the  Pentateuch,  or  he  may 


contend  that  its  present  form  cannot  be  older  than  the  age  of 
Ezra ;  he  may  accept  the  existence  of  two  authors  of  the 
prophecy  of  Isaiah,  or  may  be  able  to  see  no  sufficient  evidence 
that  there  was  more  than  one  ;  he  may  maintain  most  strongly 
that  no  mistake  as  to  fact  is  to  be  found  within  the  covers  of 
the  Bible,  or  he  may  consider  its  historical  statements  as  no 
more  credible  than  those  of  other  books.  His  firm  belief  is 
that  the  truth  has  been  revealed  by  God  to  the  prophets  and 
apostles,  and  that  they  have  been  inspired,  in  a  way  the  student 
is  perhaps  not  ready  to  defiine,  to  record  the  revelations  which 
have  been  vouchsafed  to  them. 

The  belief  we  hold  is  simply  this :  that  in  studying  nature, 
which  has  been  made  by  God ;  in  studying  philosophy,  which  is 
false  if  it  does  not  result  in  a  correct  appreciation  of  God's 
character  and  purposes;  in  studying  the  conditions  and  prob- 
lems of  human  society,  which  is  struggling,  however  blindly, 
toward  a  God-appointed  ideal,  it  is  worse  than  foolish,  it  is  abso- 
lutely destructive  of  correctness  in  method  and  conclusion,  to 
refuse  to  give  the  central  place  in  our  thinking  to  the  revelation 
of  God's  thoughts  which  He  has  given  in  the  Bible.  That  the 
adoption  of  such  a  belief  involves  a  radical  change  in  the 
methods  of  theological  and  general  education,  we  admit,  and 
even  assert.  We  have  no  fear  of  successful  contradiction  in 
declaring  that  the  present  methods  of  education  demand  renew- 
ing. There  is  an  unrest  among  educators  greater  than  that 
among  theologians,  almost  aa  great  as  that  among  the  laboring 
men.  May  it  not  be  that  the  satisfaction  of  theologian,  of  edu- 
cator, and  of  laborer  alike  is  to  come  through  acceptance  of  the 
supremacy  of  the  Scriptures  in  thought,  and  obedience  to  its 
teachings  in  life.'*  It  surely  can  come  in  no  other  way  which 
has  yet  been  suggested. 


We  are  glad  to  announce  that  in  our  next  issue  we  shall 
give  one  more  installment  of  Mr.  Byington's  unique  discussion 
of  Open- Air  Preaching. 


H.  c  .  -^vSE-clV 


THE  PENTATEUCHAL  ANALYSIS   AND 
INSPIRATION. 


The  opinion  is  very  commonly  expressed  that  whether  the 
new  theories  respecting-  Pentateuchal  analysis  prevail  or  not, 
the  matter  of  the  divine  inspiration  and  authority  of  the  Bible 
will  be  little,  if  at  all,  affected.  So  distinguished  a  scholar,  for 
instance,  as  Qheyne,  pronounces  the  results  of  all  the  later  bibli- 
cal criticism  "  harmless,"  — harmless,  that  is,  if  they  are  accepted. 
"  Harmless,  I  call  them,"  he  says,  "not  insignificant ;  they  mean 
reform  as  an  alternative  to  revolution."  *  Prof.  Driver  writes  to 
the  same  effect :  "  It  is  a  mistake  to  imagine,  as  is  sometimes 
done,  that  the  critical  view  of  the  formation  of  the  Pentateuch 
is  framed  in  the  interests  of  unbelief,  or  has  its  foundation  in 
the  premises  of  a  negative  theology.  Particular  critics  may 
indeed  share  these  premises  and  employ  arguments  which  the 
present  writer,  for  instance,  would  repudiate  ;  but  the  grounds 
upon  which  in  fact  the  critical  position  depends  are  neutral 
theologically,  and  consist  simply  of  the  application  to  a  particu- 
lar case  of  the  canons  and  principles  by  which  evidence  is  esti- 
mated and  history  judged."!  I^''  the  Presbyterian  Review  for 
April,  1887,  Prof.  Briggs  wrote:  "Whoever  in  these  times,  in 
the  discussion  of  the  literary  phenomena  of  the  Hexateuch, 
appeals  to  the  ignorance  and  prejudices  of  the  multitude  as  if 
there  were  any  peril  to  the  faith  in  these  processes  of  the 
Higher  Criticism  risks  his  reputation  for  scholarship  by  so  do- 
ing." Prof.  S.  I.  Curtiss,  in  a  recent  article  in  the  bidepciident 
(July  30)  says  :  "  If  we  accept  the  views  of  modern  critics 
regarding  the  origin  of  the  Old  Testament  as  correct  so  far  as 
the  evidence  may  seem  overwhelming,  we  do  not  thereby  rob 
the  Scriptures  of  their  divine  character." 

It  will  be  found,  however,  that  persons  who  speak  in  this 
way,  if,  like  those  just  quoted,  they  know  what  they  are  talking 
about,  either  tacitly  or  expressly  modify  for  themselves  the 
ordinary  epithets  applied  to  the  Bible,  using  them  in  a  sense,  it 
would  appear,  not  yet  current  in  our  churches.     So  it  is  with 

■''■  Contemp.  Rev.,  Aus.,  1SS9,  p.  221. 

\-  CrUical  Notes  on  the  Intcrnat.  S.  S.  Lessons,  New  York,  1SS7. 

(5^ 


Driver,  who  adds  in  the  context  of  the  passage  quoted  from  him  : 
"  We  are  bound,  indeed,  as  Christians,  to  accept  the  authority 
of  the  Old  Testament,  and  to  see  in  it  a  divine  preparation 
for  the  revelation  of  Jesus  Christ  made  in  the  Gospels  ;  but 
there  is  no  obligation  upon  us  to  accept  a  specific  theory  [i.  e., 
the  ordinary  one],  either  of  its  literary  structure  or  of  the 
course  of  history  which  it  narrates.  .  .  .  The  fact  of  revelation 
will  not  be  affected  ;  we  shall  only  have  modified  our  view  — 
perhaps  have  obtained  a  truer  view  of  the  form  in  which  it  was 
manifested,  or  of  the  course  along  which  it  advanced."  Prof. 
Curtiss,  likewise,  wishes  distinctly  to  be  understood  as  rever- 
ently maintaining  that  "  all  Scripture  is  given  by  inspiration  of 
God,"  and  that  interpreted  by  the  principles  of  the  Gospel,  "it 
is  the  only  infallible  rule  of  faith  and  practice."  He  holds, 
according  to  an  editorial  in  the  number  of  the  Independent  suc- 
ceeding the  one  above  quoted,  "most  firmly  to  the  divine 
character  of  Scripture  as  something  which  cannot  be  over- 
thrown by  any  established  results  of  criticism  or  scientific 
investigation.  So  far  as  historical  errors  or  imperfect  ethics 
and  doctrine  may  appear  in  the  Old  Testament,  he  maintains 
that  this  appertains  to  the  human  side  of  Scripture,  because 
God  in  His  divine  wisdom  did  not  deem  it  necessary  in  making 
a  revelation  that  there  should  be  anything  more  than  an  honest 
attempt  to  transmit  the  facts  of  history  ;  and  in  the  character 
of  Old  Testament  ethics  and  doctrine  God  has  had  respect  to 
the  weaknesses  and  limitations  of  men  who  were  not  prepared 
for  the  high  demands  of  the  New  Testament."  * 

Such  explanations  and  disclaimers,  however,  when  made  • — 
they  are  unfortunately  more  frequently  omitted  — are  generally 
overlooked  by  readers,  or  fail  to  have  the  force  they  were 
intended  to  have.  In  any  case  they  fall  far  short  of  giving  an 
adequate  impression  of  the  extent  to  which  current  views  of 
the  inspiration  and  inerrancy  of  the  Bible  will  need  to  be 
changed  if  the  proposed  analysis  of  the  Pentateuch  is  adopted 
on  the  grounds  proposed.  A  hint  at  the  true  state  of  the  case 
is  given  by  Prof.  W.  R.  Harper  in  connection  with  a  paper  in 
Hebmica.^  Among  other  similar  things,  he  says  :  "If  there  is 
an  analysis,  the  sacred  record  can  no  longer  be  claimed  to  pre- 

*  Independent,  July  30,  1891. 
+  Oct.,  188S,  pp.  6S-70. 


sent  a  perfectly  accurate  account  of  these  early  times  ;  for  jCon- 
flicting  accounts  stand  side  by  side  ;  changes  have  been  arbitra- 
rily introduced  into  the  text  ;  insertions  and  omissions  have 
been  made  ;  the  material  cannot  be  called  in  a  strict  sense  histori- 
cal." Again,  he  says:  "If  there  be  an  analysis  there  are  two, 
though,  perhaps,  not  contradictory,  conceptions  of  God,  one  of 
which  seems  to  border  closely  on  polytheism.  How  is  it  pos- 
sible for  so  low  (this  is  the  proper  term)  an  idea  of  God  to  have 
been  incorporated  in  the  sacred  Scriptures  ?  "  And  he  adds  still 
further  :  "  If  all  this  is  true,  the  character  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment material,  whether  viewed  (a)  from  an  archaeological,  (/;) 
from  an  historical,  and  especially  (c)  from  a  religious  point  of 
view,  must  be  estimated  somewhat  differently  from  the  method 
commonly  in  vogue.  It  is  composed  of  different  stories  of  the 
same  event,  joined  together  by  an  editor  who  did  not  have 
insight  sufficient  to  enable  him  to  see  that  he  was  all  the  time 
committing  grave  blunders,  and  yet  felt  no  hesitancy  in  altering 
the  originals  with  which  he  was  working  ;  it  is  not  historical  in 
the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word." 

Without  proposing  directly  to  call  in  question  here  the 
correctness  and  sufficiency  of  the  grounds  on  which  the  current 
Pentateuchal  analysis  rests,  I  wish  to  show  in  this  paper  what, 
in  the  nature  of  things,  some  of  its  effects  must  be  on  the  ordinary 
view  of  biblical  inspiration  ;  in  other  words,  to  point  out  more 
definitely  and  in  detail  what  Prof.  Harper  has  so  frankly  admitted 
in  a  general  way.  I  would  call  attention,  first,  to  the  zvJwlcsalc 
and  intentional  falsification  which  it  presupposes.  The  material 
is  too  abundant  to  be  treated  otherwise  than  by  example.  Let 
us  look  at  the  work  of  the  so-called  Redactor  in  Genesis.  Ac- 
cording to  the  theory,  that  book  was  made  up  from  three  principal 
documents  or  original  histories  (J.,  P.,  and  E.),  widely  separated 
in  origin,  and  considerably  degenerated  in  form  from  long  cir- 
culating independently,  the  first  two  appearing  mainly  in  chapters 
1-20,  and  the  three  intermingled  in  the  remaining  chapters. 
The  work  of  the  Redactor  was  mostly  compilation.  His  unique 
method  in  this  respect  will  be  considered  later ;  we  will  look 
now  at  his  more  original  work. 

In    7:3,    9,    23,*    the  account    of    the    Deluge,    there   are 


*!  follow  tlie  analysis  of  Kautzsch  and  Socin,     Die  Genesis,  etc.,  2\.t  Aufl.,  Freiburg, 
.89.. 


8 

three  instances  where  he  inserts  in  one  of  his  authorities  words 
taken  from,  or  only  suitable  to  the  other  in  (what  has  proven)  a 
futile  attempt  at  harmony  in  two  irreconcilable  documents. 
Other  efforts  to  smooth  over  abrupt  transitions,  or  to  supply 
additional  information  by  the  insertion  of  extraneous  matter 
appear  in  9:  18,  19;  10:  9,  16,  18,  24.  In  12:  17,  he  has 
without  authority  added  the  words  "and  his  house."  In  13  :  i, 
he  has  likewise  altered  the  documentary  record  by  inserting 
"and  Lot  with  him."  In  15:  7,  8,  12-16,  19-21,  he  has  in- 
troduced a  large  amount  of  matter  into  what  was  originally 
a  simple  account  of  a  sacrifice  by  Abraham,  giving  a  wholly 
different  meaning  to  the  transaction.  In  16:  8-10,  there  is 
another  attempt  at  harmonizing  conflicting  statements  by  sup- 
plying words  which  are  put  into  the  mouths  of  Hagar  and  of 
Jehovah,  In  17:  10,  there  is  a  similar  insertion  of  unauthor- 
ized material,  and  here,  in  what  purports  to  be  a  direct  promise 
from  God  to  Abraham.  In  21:  i  and  in  22  :  11  he  has 
changed  the  word  EloJiini  to  JeJiovaJi.  In  the  latter  chapter 
he  is  also  responsible  for  verses  14-18,  /.  e.,  for  the  important 
promises  of  Jehovah  to  Abraham  and  the  naming  of  the  place 
where  he  offered  Isaac,  "  Jehovah-jireh."  In  verse  20  he  is 
guilty  of  a  gross  chronological  misstatement  by  putting  in  the 
words,  "after  these  things,"  which,  if  real,  belong  elsewhere 
and  to  another  document.  In  24 :  6^,  he  has  deliberately  in- 
serted the  misleading  words  "his  mother"  and  "his  mother 
Sarah."  In  26:  i,  he  asserts  what  he  must  have  known  to  be 
untrue,  that  the  famine  there  described  was  a  different  one  from 
that  which  occurred  in  the  days  of  Abraham  ;  and  the  context 
contains  three  other  falsifications  of  the  record  (verses  2-5,  15, 
18).  To  make  a  smoother  transition  between  chapters  27  and 
28,  and  give  an  appearance  of  continuity,  he  forged  verse  27  of 
the  former.  In  place  of  "  Laban  "  he  put  in  "Jacob"  in  31  :  45. 
Again,  to  give  the  appearance  of  a  continuous  narrative  where 
there  was,  in  fact,  merely  a  two-fold  account  of  the  same  event, 
he  inserted  the  word  "again"  in  35  :  9.  Throughout  the  his- 
tory of  Joseph  (37  :  5,  8,  10;  39:  i,  8,  20,  23  ;  42  :  7,  28  :  43  : 
14 ;  45  :  19-21  ;  46  :  i,  3,  5,  8-27  ;  47  :  4,  24  ;  48  :  7,  21  ;  49  : 
28  ;  50  :  22),  he  did  apparently  his  best  by  arbitrary  insertions, 
changing  proper  names,  transferring  matter  from  one  source  to 


another,  and  other,  as  from  the  basis  of  the  theory  must  be 
allowed,  unwarrantable  alterations  to  produce  from  his  threefold 
originals  of  the  one  story  a  pleasing  verisimilitude  which 
should  pass  for  truth. 

But  is  not  this  a  harsh  and  unfair  judgment  touching  this 
ancient  editor  ?  May  he  not  rather  have  been  inspired  to  do 
this  work  and  may  not  the  combination  he  has  effected,  supposing 
it  to  be  actual,  be  the  very  truth  we  are  to  believe?  By  no 
means.  That  is  the  precise  thing  which  the  criticism,  if  it  has 
proven  anything,  has  shown  to  be  impossible.  It  is  claimed  as 
one  of  its  highest  triumphs  that  it  has  succeeded  in  tracing 
this  man's  blind  and  tortuous  methods.  It  is  the  documents 
which  he  manipulated  that  contain  whatever  of  truth  really 
existed  in  the  earlv  records.  To  find  out  what  that  truth  is 
other  tests  are  needful.  We  must,  it  is  said,  apply  to  each  par- 
ticular case  "the  canons  and  principles  by  which  evidence  is 
estimated,    and    history   judged "    (Driver,    as   quoted   above). 

That  this  process  is  not  as  easy  as  might  be  supposed  has  been 
sufficiently  shown  in  another  periodical  by  Dr.  Green,  who  says:  * 
"These  documents  give,  it  is  claimed,  not  only  varying  but 
mutually  inconsistent  accounts  of  the  persons  and  events  which 
they  describe,  and  this  not  only  in  subordinate  and  unessential 
particulars,  but  in  matters  of  the  greatest  moment.  And  they 
have  been  put  together  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  an  entirely 
different  complexion  to  things  from  that  which  either  of  the 
documents  taken  singly  aimed  to  give.  Their  incompatible 
statements  have  been  harmonized  in  an  unwarrantable  manner, 
and  their  divergent  accounts  of  the  same  event  have  been  con- 
verted into  distinct  events,  showing  that  the  redactor  misun- 
derstood or  misrepresented  his  sources.  His  misconceptions 
would  have  been  of  less  consequence  if  he  had  preserved  the 
documents  entire  and  unaltered,  so  that  adequate  means  would 
have  been  possessed  for  forming  an  independent  judgment  of 
their  contents.  But,  on  the  showing  of  the  critics  themselves, 
the  documents  have  been  preserved  in  a  mutilated  form,  that 
only  being  retained  by  the  redactor  which  seemed  to  him  suited 
to  his  purpose  ;  and  this  was  often  modified  considerably  from 
its  original  intent  by  the  new  connections  in  which  it  was 
placed  ;  and  certain   passages  were  besides  seriously  altered  or 

*  Old  Test.  Student,  July,  1887,  p.  316. 


lO 

additions  made  which  still  further  obscure  the  genuine  significa- 
tion. So  that  he  who  would  arrive  at  the  real  truth  respecting 
the  matters  treated  in  the  Pentateuch,  must  first  ascertain  and 
expunge  what  has  been  inserted  by  the  redactor,  and  restore 
what  he  has  changed  to  its  previous  form.  He  must  then  dis- 
cover and  correct  the  modifications  to  which  the  documents 
have  been  subjected  in  the  various  editions  through  which  they 
are  severally  alleged  to  have  passed.  When  this  task  has  been 
successfully  accomplished,  and  what  is  left  of  the  documents 
has  been  restored  in  each  case  to  its  primitive  form,  these  will 
put  the  investigator  in  possession  of  all  that  now  remains  of 
the  traditions  which  were  circulating  about  the  Mosaic  age  six 
or  more  centuries  subsequently.  From  these  mutually  contra- 
dictory legends  he  must  evolve  the  facts.  And  this  is  the  sort 
of  voucher  we  have  for  the  revelations  made  to  Moses,  and  the 
institutions  founded  by  him,  which  are  the  basis  of  the  Old 
Testament  religion  and  the  foundation  on  which  the  New  Testa- 
ment likewise  rests." 

In  connection  with  the  remaining  four  books  of  the  Penta- 
teuch attention  will  be  called  to  the  Redactor's  *  special  effort 
to  make  his  work  seem  ancient,  in  fact,  Mosaic.  In  Ex.  -  Num. 
we  will  illustrate  the  point  exclusively  from  the  document  known 
as  P.f.  Its  age  is  variously  conjectured,  a  smaller  circle  of  critics 
placing  it  somewhat  earlier  than  Deuteronomy  (B.  C.  621),  but 
most  much  later,  dating  it,  in  its  completed  form,  subsequent 
to  the  exile  (B.  C.  444).  Only  extremists  among  them  hold  to 
actual,  at  least  literal  and  formal,  Mosaic  history  and  legislation 
in  this  source.  To  all  outward  appearance,  however,  as  we  shall 
see,  this  is  quite  otherwise. 

For  example,  there  is  the  law  concerning  blasphemy  (Lev. 
24:  15,  16;  Num.  15  :  30,  31)  ;  not  only  does  it  purport  to  be 
the  outcome  of  an  event  of  the  Mosaic  history  (Lev.  24  :  10- 
14),  but  to  have  been  given  by  Jehovah  directly  through  Moses. 
Elsewhere  an  entire  chapter  (Ex.  28)  is  devoted  to  a  descrip- 
tion   of   the    priestly  vestments.     They  are    "  for   Aaron    and 


•  For  the  purposes  of  this  paper  it  is  immaterial  whether  the  editorial  supervision  of  the 
Pentateuch  was  in  the  hands  of  one  person,  or  of  many  ;  it  is  simply  the  nature  and  spirit  of 
such  supervision  that  we  are  considering. 

t  The  same  three  documents  noted  above  are  alleged  to  be  at  the  basis  of  the  first  four 
books  of  the  Bible. 


II 

his  sons,"  and  it  is  Moses  who  is  represented  as  making  the  nec- 
essary provision  for  them.  To  render  the  deception  more  com- 
plete the  Urim  and  Thummim  are  introduced,  the  existence  and 
use  of  which  are  never  heard  of  after  Abiathar  or  David's  time, 
five  hundred  years  before  the  exile.  So  the  consecration  of  the 
priests  (Ex.  29  :  1-22),  the  preparation  of  the  anointing  oil 
(Ex.  30  :  22-33),  the  law  for  the  ordinary  priests  (Lev.  10  :  8-1 1; 
21  :  1-24),  and  that  for  the  succession  of  the  high  priest 
(Num.  25  :  10-13)  3.re  all  in  the  most  explicit  manner  said  to 
have  been  mediated  by  Moses.  Aaron,  who  is  most  directly 
concerned,  is  also  there,  but  only  as  a  secondary  figure  even  in 
these  priestly  matters.  Moses  is  not  only  put  into  the  history 
in  an  extraordinary  manner,  supposing  him  to  have  no  right 
there,  but  he  is  made  to  dominate  it,  voicing  everywhere  the 
divine  authority  during  the  exodus  period.  Redetermined  who 
should  eat  of  the  sacrifices  (Lev.  22:  1-16  ;  Num.  18:  10  ff.), 
prescribed  not  only  the  duties,  but  the  prerogatives  of  the  priest- 
hood (Num.  6:  22-27;  ^O-  i-io))  ^I'^cl  laid  down  the  long  list 
of  regulations  under  which  the  tabernacle  was  constructed  and 
used  (Ex.  chaps.  25-27  ;  36-38). 

In  short,  every  law  contained  in  Leviticus  and  the  first  ten 
chapters  of  Numbers,  besides  the  great  mass  of  the  others 
contained  in  the  middle  books  of  the  Pentateuch,  are  repre- 
sented as  having  been  given  during  the  period  intervening 
between  the  setting  up  of  the  Tabernacle  and  the  departure 
from  Sinai ;  that  is,  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  Moses 
(with  Ex.40  :  ly  \  cf.  Num.  10  :  11).  There  is  not  the  slightest 
hesitation  on  the  part  of  leading  critics  in  acknowledging 
even  more  than  this.  For  example,  Kuenen  says :  *  "  On 
the  face  of  the  whole  legislation,  of  course,  we*  read  that 
the  theatre  is  the  desert ;  Israel  is  encamped  there  ;  the 
settlement  in  Canaan  is  in  the  future.  With  regard  to  the 
laws  in  Ex.  xxv,  sqq.  ;  Lev.  i,  sqq. ;  Num.  iv,  sqq.  ;  xix.,  etc., 
this  is  elaborately  shown  to  be  the  case  by  Bleek  ("Einl.,"  p. 
29,  sqq.  ;  4th  ed.),  but  it  is  also  applicable  in  the  main  to  Ex. 
xxi — xxiii  (see  especially  xxiii,  20,  sqq.),  and  to  Deuteronomy. 
In  other  words,  it  is  not  only  the  superscriptions  that  assign 
the  laws  to  Moses,  and  locate  them  in  the  desert,  but  the  form 
of  the  leeislation  likewise  accords  with  this  determination  of 


*  The  Hexateuck,  p.  25. 


12 

time  and  place.  .  .  .  The  representation  given  in  the  Hex- 
ateuch  of  the  legislative  activity  of  Moses  involves  tJie  essoitial 
unity  of  the  Torn.  .  .  .  There  can  be  no  question,  there- 
fore, that  if  we  place  ourselves  at  the  point  of  view  of  the  Hex- 
ateuch  itself,  we  are  justified  in  regarding  the  ordinances  of 
Exodus  —  Deuteronomy  as  t/ie  several  parts  of  a  single  body  of 
legislation,  and  comparing  them  with  one  another  as  such." 

For  this  uniformly  antique  coloring,  however,  given  to  mat- 
ter, dating  all  the  way  from  David  to  Nehemiah,  the  Redactor 
alone  is  responsible.  With  whatever  intent  —  our  critics  are  not 
wanting  in  charitable  judgment  here  —  he  simply  masquerades 
in  the  name  and  supposable  character  of  Moses  and  his  contempo- 
raries. To  say  nothing  of  the  conception  of  such  a  character 
as  Moses  on  the  part  of  the  Redactor,  the  conception  of  such 
a  character  as  the  Redactor  on  the  part  of  our  critics,  we  may 
remark  in  passing,  is  something  surprising.  So  plumply,  so 
boldly,  and  with  such  consummate  art  does  he  present  the  matter 
that  not  only  did  he  succeed  in  duping  the  latest  generations  of 
men  until  now,  but  left  no  trace  of  the  fraud  he  perpetrated  on 
the  history  or  traditions  of  his  times.  On  the  contrary,  he 
seemed  to  the  people  then,  and  seems  to  those  instructed  in 
New  Testament  models,  to  have  moved  on  the  very  highest 
moral  uplands.  He  has  made  universally  the  impression  of 
being  governed  by  a  moral  and  religious  purpose  so  grand  and 
pure  that  it  has  never  been  excelled.  Nevertheless  his  ostensi- 
ble statement  of  facts,  it  is  said,  cannot  be  accepted.  Indeed, 
to  all  human  appearance,  he  would  have  contributed  vastly 
more  to  the  cause  of  truth  and  the  reign  of  righteousness,  if  he 
had  left  the  laws  he  communicated  without  their  "  stolen  livery  " 
of  a  bygone  age. 

Again,  the  "consensus  of  criticism"  has  assigned  the  book 
of  Deuteronomy  to  the  period  of  King  Josiah  (B.  C.  621),  or 
about  eight  hundred  years  after  Moses.*  It  is  unnecessary  to 
say  that  its  claim  to  Mosaic  origin  is  stamped  on  its  every  page. 

*  "  Two  points  at  least  ought,  I  think,  by  the  most  skeptically  inclined  critic  to  be  ac- 
cepted as  historical,  viz. :  (i)  that  the  '  law-book  '  was  published  in  Josiah's  reign  with  the  view 
of  recommending  certain  reforms  and  establishing  the  national  religion  on  a  firmer  basis ;  (2) 
that  llilkiah,  one  of  its  chief  promulgators,  asserted  that  he  had  found  it  in  the  temple.  The 
view  implied  (probably)  in  2  Kings  xxii.,  and  expressed  in  2  Chronicles  xxxiv.,  that  the 
'  book  of  Torah  '  had  the  leader  of  the  Exodus  for  its  author,  cannot  from  a  critical  point  of 
view  be  maintained,  for  these,  among  other  reasons,  that  the  Deuteronomist  (if  we  may  so  for 


13 

The  book  opens  with  the  announcement:  "These  be  the  words 
which  Moses  spake  unto  all  Israel  beyond  Jordan,"  the  place 
and  time  being  indicated  with  extreme  exactitude.  The  great 
lawgiver's  name  occurs  thirty-seven  times  in  the  composition, 
and,  generally,  with  the  aim  of  connecting  him  authoritatively 
with  its  contents.  As  matter  of  fact,  almost  the  entire  book  is 
represented  as  uttered  directly  by  him,  he  being  left  everywhere 
to  speak  iji  propria  persona.  He  is  even  made  responsible  for 
the  literary  form  of  the  work  after  giving  the  substance  of  it  as 
an  address,  being  declared  to  have  written  it  "to  the  end  " 
(31:9)  and,  subsequently,  to  have  committed  it  to  the  custody 
of  the  Levites  (3 1  :  24).  He  is  depicted,  moreover,  as  address- 
ing himself  to  his  hearers  as  though  they  had  been  actual  con- 
temporaries of  the  actual  Moses.  "  We  saw,"  he  says,  "  the 
sons  of  the  Anakim  "  (i  :  28)  ;  again,  "  In  the  wilderness  thou 
didst  see  how  the  Lord  did  bare  thee  as  a  man  doth  bear  his 
son"  (1:31);  and  again,  "The  Lord  thy  God  will  raise  up 
unto  thee  a  prophet  from  the  midst  of  thee,  of  thy  brethren, 
like  unto  me"  (18:15).  Here,  too,  we  shall  be  pardoned  for 
calling  attention  to  the  extraordinary  art,  if  it  be  such,  of  this 
ancient  writer  (Hilkiah }).  The  subtle  coloring  of  the  book  is 
wholly  of  the  Mosaic  age.  There  is  no  hint  of  such  a  city  as 
Jerusalem,  although  a  principal  purpose  of  its  author  was  to 
emphasize  the  centralization  of  worship.  The  great  empire  of 
Assyria,  already  dominant  for  hundreds  of  years,  casts  not  the 
slightest  shadow  of  itself  on  his  page  ;  while  the  freshest  remin- 
iscences of  Egypt  are  scattered  thickly  about.  There  are  nearly 
twoscore  references  to  it  by  name.  The  boldness  and  freedom 
of  the  author,  too,  are  worthy  of  attention.  He  knows  the  story 
of  the  Exodus  ;  but  he  is  independent  of  it,  shaping  the  rich 
material  in  a  way  altogether  his  own.  He  dares  to  put  his  hand 
upon  the  sacred  code  of  Sinai,  and  even  that  central  portion  and 
glory  of  it  which  was  written  in  stone  by  the  finger  of  God, 
assuming  the  right  to  give  it  an  altered  form.  He  could  not 
have  presumed  upon  more,  if  he  had  really  been  the  original 
law-jriver.     And  with  how  nice  a  tact  he  leaves  Moses  several 


convenience  refer  to  the  author  or  joint-authors  of  the  orisinal  Deuteronomy)  has  (i)  em- 
ployed documents  manifestly  later  than  Moses,  (2)  made  allusion  to  circumstances  which  only 
existed  long  after  Moses,  and  (3)  expressed  ideas  whicli  are  not  such  as  are,  psychologically 
speaking,  possible  in  the  age  of  Moses."     Clieyne,  Jeremiah  :  His  Life  and  Times,  p.  90. 

Oct. — 2 


14 

times  to  speak  of  his  desire  to  enter  the  promised  land  :  "  I 
must  die,"  he  says,  "  in  this  land.  I  may  not  go  over  Jor- 
dan. But  ye  will  go  over  to  possess  that  good  land  "  (4  :  22  ; 
7:  23-29)  ;  and  does  not  hesitate  even  to  make  conspicuous  the 
good  man's  serious  lapse  at  Meribah  (4:  21  ;  cf.  Num.  20:  10) 
in  order  to  cover  up  more  completely  his  own  identity. 

Admitting  that  the  book  of  Deuteronomy  was  the  product  of 
the  age  of  King  Josiah,  it  does  appear  not  a  little  strange  that  such 
extraordinary,  and,  as  it  might  be  thought,  disproportionate  and 
largely  imnecessary  means  were  made  to  impute  it  to  Moses. 
Would  not  a  tithe  of  the  effort  have  been  even  more  effective  ? 
But  that  is  not  now  the  question  ;  rather,  how  much  the 
Spirit  of  God  can  have  had  to  do  with  the  conception  and  exe- 
cution of  such  a  work.  Are  Deuteronomy  and  its  companion 
books  inspired  .''  And  in  what  sense  and  degree  are  they  in- 
spired }  A  definition  of  inspiration  widely  current  is  this  :  "  It 
is  that  divine  influence  which,  accompanying  the  sacred  writers 
equally  in  all  they  wrote,  secured  the  infallible  truth  of  their 
writings  in  every  part,  both  in  idea  and  expression,  and  deter- 
mined the  selection*  and  distribution  of  their  material  accord- 
ing to  the  divine  purpose."  *  It  is  clear  enough  that,  if  the 
analysis  is  to  be  adopted,  such  a  definition  will  answer  no 
longer ;  and  that  Prof.  Harper  has  put  the  facts  altogether  too 
mildly  when  he  says  :  "  If  all  this  be  true,  the  character  of  the 
Old  Testament  .  .  .  must  be  estimated  soviezvliat  dijfer- 
ently  from  the  method  commonly  in  vogue."  The  lamented 
Dr.  Dwinell  comes  nearer  the  truth:  "The  only  inspiration  pos- 
sible under  this  theory  is  of  a  very  equivocal  order,  morally 
and  spiritually ;  for  it  is  an  inspiration  that  does  not  keep  the 
sacred  writers  from  making  up  a  pretended  framework  of  his- 
tory in  which  to  set  their  characters  and  instructions.  It  does 
not  interfere  with  their  asserting  things  to  be  facts  which  never 
took  place.  It  does  not  stand  in  the  way  of  consciously  ante- 
dating and  representing  things  as  having  occurred  centuries 
before  which  really  occurred  later,  or  of  deliberately  writing 
after  the  events  had  taken  place,  and  giving  the  writing  the 
form  of  prediction  and  passing  it  off  as  prophecy.  It  does  not 
stay  the  sacred  authors  from  writing  out  of  their  own  intui- 
tions or  experience  or  thoughts  and  reasonings,  and  claiming 

*  Hodge,  Outlines  of  Theology,  p.  67. 


15 

that  these  teachinp^s  came  directly  from  God.  A  kind  of  inspi- 
ration which  admits  of  all  these  duplicities  and  falsities  must 
be  accepted  as  true  if  this  criticism  is  admitted.  Surely  inspi- 
ration drops  down  to  a  low  and  ignominious  plane  on  this  the- 
ory !  No  wonder  there  is  a  cry  all  over  the  world  from  those 
who  follow  the  critics  that  the  doctrine  of  inspiration  must  be 
recast  !     Yes,  down-cast .'  "  * 

But  let  us,  secondly,  glance  at  the  material  itself  with  which 
the  Redactor  had  to  do,  the  original  documents  from  which  he  is 
supposed  to  have  compiled.  If  his  peculiar  manipulation  of 
them,  as  cursorily  described,  has  an  important  bearing  on  the 
doctrine  of  inspiration,  his  alleged  sources  have  a  much  more  im- 
portant bearing.  If  that  shows  "wholesale  and  intentional  fal- 
sification," these  will  show,  we  are  quite  sure,  an  almost  innn- 
nierable  list  of  contradictions  and  a  wholly  indescribable  confu- 
sion of  tJiought  in  the  opening  books  of  the  Bible.  \ 

To  begin  at  the  beginning,  there  are  two  radically  distinct 
accounts  of  the  Creation  (Gen.  1-2  :  4^  ;  2  :  4''-23),  resulting 
from  the  juxtaposition  of  the  two  principal  documents  of  Gen- 
esis. One,  P,  represents  the  creation  as  proceeding  from  lower 
to  higher  forms  of  life  ;  J,  the  reverse  ;  in  P  there  is  too  much 
water  for  vegetation ;  in  J,  too  little  ;  in  P  man  and  woman 
were  created  together;  in  J  the  order  is  man,  vegetation,  animals, 
woman  ;  in  P  man  is  given  supreme  authority  over  the  earth  at 
once ;  in  J  he  attains  it  only  after  sin  and  punishment  ;  in  P 
man  is  created  in  God's  image  to  rule  over  the  earth  ;  in  J  it  is 
a  sin  for  man  to  seek  to  be  as  God,  to  know  the  world ;  in  P 
the  universe  is  conceived  of  as  a  "  diving-bell  "  in  water  ;  in  J  the 
earth  is  an  indefinite  extent  of  dry  plain  on  which  the  water 
must  be  poured  by  Jehovah.  P  is  monotheistic,  avoids  the 
anthropomorphic  terms  of  J,  exalts  God  far  above  man,  attri- 
butes to  him  especially  power  and  benevolence,  presents  a  pro- 
gressive revelation  culminating  in  the  Sabbath  ;  while  J  does 
not  so  rigidly  exhibit  monotheism,  represents  that  God's  rights 
may  be  invaded  by  man,  that  the  work  of  creation  is  hardly 
from  an  infinite  being,  but  a  sort  of  demi-god,  that  man  is  on 


■'■■  Moses  and  His  Recent  Critics,  Funk  &  Wagnalls,  pp.  307,  30S. 

+  Any  one  desiring  to  see  a  definite  scheme  of  the  analysis  and  the  arguments  by  which 
it  is  supported  from  the  hands  of  competent  American  scholars  should  consult  Hebraica  (The 
Student  Publishing  Co.,  Hartford),  from  October,  18S7. 


i6 

free  and  even  confidential  terms  with  God,  capable  himself  of 
gaining  superhuman  authority.  Now,  among  many,  one  of  the 
most  serious  aspects  of  the  case  in  this  view  of  it  is  that  the 
weaker  and  more  mythical  document  is  the  one  that  contains 
what  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  supremely  important  narra- 
tive of  the  fall  and  the  promise  of  man's  recovery  (Gen. 
3  :  1-14).  And  if  it  be  true,  as  Prof.  Harper  states,  that  its 
view  of  God  "  borders  closely  on  polytheism,"  is  but  "  slightly 
removed  from  paganism,"  and  that  it  must  dispute  the  claim 
of  being  in  any  degree  true  with  its  far  more  recent  and  better 
supported  neighbor,  what  theory  of  inspiration  must  be  adopted 
in  order  to  get  the  assurance  of  special  divine  authority  for  it .'' 

The  supposed  history  contained  in  chapters  four  and 
five  of  Genesis  is  to  be  similarly  decomposed  and  precip- 
itated by  the  chemical  tests  of  the  criticism  before  a  proper 
estimate  can  be  formed  of  its  value.  There  are  two  dis- 
tinct and  variously  discrepant  narratives  covering  the  same 
ground  (J:  chap.  4,  except  16^-24  ;  P:  chap.  5,  except  verse 
28,  "a  son,"  and  verse  29).  The  genealogies,  though  repre- 
sented in  the  text  as  showing  different  lines,  are  really  the  same 
thing  in  different  forms.  By  some  blunder  they  have  become 
attached  to  different  ancestors.  Here,  too,  the  document  J  ap- 
pears extremely  weak  compared  with  its  neighbor.  Its  anthro- 
pomorphisms are,  as  usual,  excessive.  It  makes  Jehovah  assist 
at  child-birth,  have  a  heated  discussion  with  Cain,  represents 
that  Cain  should  have  had  more  knowledge  than  he  exhibits 
concerning  sacrifice.  Contrary  to  P,  it  would  make  out  that 
public  worship,  feasts,  and  sacrifices  were  common  at  this  early 
period,  while  the  latter  places  them  much  later. 

The  narrative  of  the  Flood  (Gen.,  chaps.  6-9),  is  said  to 
show  in  a  marked  degree  evidence  of  the  combination  of  dupli- 
cate accounts.  According  to  P,  the  beginning  of  the  flood 
is  dated  by  the  life  of  Noah  (7  : 6,  11,  13)  ;  the  flood  is  caused 
by  convulsions  of  nature  ;  the  waters  prevail  one  hundred  and 
fifty  days  ;  they  disappear  and  the  earth  is  dry  after  two 
months  (8  :  13^  14).  According  to  J  the  flood  is  announced 
but  seven  days  before  its  appearance  (7  -.4,  10)  ;  the  rain  was  on 
the  earth  forty  days  and  nights  ;  the  ground  dries  up  after  one 
hundred  and  one  days  (8:6,  8,  10,  12,  13'').  P's  ark  has  a 
window  system  and  a  door  in  the  side  ;  J's  lias  a  window  and  a 


17 

cover.  J's  distinction  between  clean  and  unclean  animals  is 
foreign  to  P.  J  makes  the  flood  local  and  limited  ;  P,  univer- 
sal. In  theology  the  difference  is  the  same  as  before.  J  looks 
upon  the  Deity  as  a  sort  of  demigod,  who  can  have  familiar  inter- 
course with  men.  He  speaks  of  altars  and  sacrifices,  etc., 
while  P  regards  them  as  first  beginning  with  Moses.  These 
supposed  duplicates,  as  is  sufficiently  plain  from  the  examples 
given  of  their  differences,  are  totally  irreconcilable  with  one 
another.  The  fact  of  the  flood  is  vouched  for,  indeed,  by  both  ; 
but  for  the  details  of  it,  it  will  require  a  master  of  historical  re- 
search to  tell  us  where  the  truth  lies,  especially  amid  the  maze 
of  similar  stories  outside  the  Bible.* 

So  throughout  the  biblical  account  of  the  Patriarchs  there 
is  the  same  duplication  of  material  and  dubiety  of  impression, 
until  we  come  to  the  twentieth  chapter  of  Genesis,  when  the 
confusion  is  increased  by  the  use  of  a  new  document  containing 
still  another  version  of  the  events  narrated.  Did  Abraham 
have  any  quarrels  in  his  family  or  not  (Abraham  with  Lot, 
Sarah  with  Hagar)  ?  Did  Sarah  actually  go  down  with  him 
into  Egypt  ?  The  associated  authorities  differ  on  these  points. 
Can  circumcision  be  dated  from  Abraham's  time .-'  It  might  be 
thought  of  some  importance  theologically ;  but  the  document 
J,  which  is  much  the  older,  knows  nothing  of  it.  The  facts 
concerning  Hagar  and  Ishmael  are  particularly  muddled  by  the 
two  accounts.  By  one,  Ishmael  being  unborn,  Hagar  is  so 
treated  that  she  flees  ;  by  the  other,  she  is  driven  out  with  the 
child  on  her  shoulder.f  By  one,  Hagar  is  at  fault ;  by  the  other, 
it  is  Ishmael.  The  record,  moreover,  is  inconsistent  in  repre- 
senting that  Ishmael  is  carried  on  the  shoulder  at  all  ;  since  he 
is  too  old  to  be  so  treated  (P  and  J,  i6  :  1-16,  except  8-io-R  ; 
1^  21  :8-2i).  The  representation  of  a  two-fold  covenant  with 
Abraham  (chaps.  15  and  17)  is  likewise  false  It  is  the  same 
event  twice  described,  and  the  differences,  which  are  by  no 
means  few,  it  is  necessary  to  charge,  as  so  often  before,  to  the 
account  of  profit  and  loss. 


*Cf.  Preface  to  Rabbi  Wise's  excellent  work  jiict  issued  :  "God  only  did  create  light  out 
of  darkness ;  man  cannot  produce  truth  out  of  fiction,  unless  in  his  self-delusion  problematic 
truth  satisfies  him.  All  so  called  gems  of  truth  buried  under  the  quicksand  of  fiction  and 
deception  are  problematic,  at  best,  if  not  supported  by  authoritative  corroborants.  None  can 
speak  conscientiously  of  Bible  truth  before  he  knows  that  the  Bible  is  true,  and  especially  in 
its  historical  data."     Pronaos  to  Holy  Writ,  Cincinnati,  1S91. 

t  The  text  of  the  LXX.  is  followed. 


i8 

The  double,  and  sometimes  triple,  reason  given  for  proper 
names,  as  that  of  Ishmael  (J  i6  :  1 1,  12  ;  P  17  :  18,  21),  of  Isaac 
(P  17  :  17;  J  18:  12;  E  21  :  6),  of  Edom  (J  25  :  25  ;  25  :  30)  of 
several  of  Jacob's  sons,  of  Mahanaim,  Penuel,  and  of  Israel 
( J  32  :  25-32  ;  P  35  :  10)  though  it  is  assumed  that  only  one  of 
them  can  be  correct,  might  be  considered  trifling  discrepan- 
cies. Can  the  same  be  said  of  the  representation  that  Isaac 
and  Rebecca's  adventure  with  Abimelech  was  original  with 
them,  when  it  was  only  a  revamping  of  Abraham  and  Sarah's 
under  similar  circumstances;  of  the  contradictory  statements 
about  the  maid  of  Rebecca  ( J  24  :  59  ;  E  35  :8)  ;  Jacob's  sons 
(J  E  35  :  16-18;  P  35  :  23-26)  ;  Rachel's  death  (J  E  35  :  19; 
E  37  :  10)  ;  how  Joseph  came  to  be  in  Egypt,  one  account 
stating  that  he  was  "stolen"  ;  the  other  that  he  was  "sold," 
etc.,  etc.,  to  the  end  of  Genesis  and  the  end  of  the  Hexa- 
teuch  ? 

For  let  it  not  be  forgotten  that  this  method  of  composition, 
if  true  anywhere,  is  true  throughout  ;  and  the  documentary 
theory  as  elaborated  by  our  critics  applies  no  less  to  the  middle 
books  of  the  Pentateuch  and  to  Joshua  than  to  Genesis.  There 
is  no  pretense  of  establishing  the  three  codes  of  laws,  dating, 
severally,  B.  C.  1000,  621,  444,  except  as  based  on  the  showing 
that  in  a  multitude  of  particulars  they  are  in  irreconcilable 
contradiction  with  one  another  as  products  of  the  Mosaic  age. 
There  is  as  little  concealment  of  methods  as  of  results  in  the 
principal  critical  treatises  of  our  times.  This  is  as  it  should  be. 
The  only  ground  for  surprise  is  that  with  the  really  tremendous 
change  of  attitude  towards  the  Bible,  necessitated  by  this  treat- 
ment of  it,  Christian  scholars  who  are  fully  aware  of  this 
change  should  speak  of  it  as  "harmless,"  as  theologically 
"  neutral "  in  its  effects  ;  should  say  that  any  one  who  thinks 
there  is  "  peril  to  the  faith  in  these  processes  of  the  Higher 
Criticism  risks  his  reputation  for  scholarship  "  thereby,  and  is 
still  able  to  use,  unmodified,  the  old  formula  that  "  all  Scrip- 
ture is  given  by  inspiration  of  God."  Undoubtedly  these  ex- 
pressions are  quite  sincerely  made.  Our  sole  contention  is 
that  the  words  "Scripture"  and  "inspiration"  as  thus  used 
have  never  as  yet  been  naturalized  among  us. 

What  are  just  now  seriously  needed  are  clear  ideas  and  all  the 
facts  on  this  most  important  subject.    There  would  appear  to  be 


'9 

complete  confusion  in  the  public  mind,  as  represented  in  platform 
and  press,  as  to  the  real  nature  and  reach  of  the  critical  ques- 
tions involved.  The  writer  of  this  paper  would  be  the  last  one 
to  raise  a  bar  to  the  freest  and  fullest  investigation  of  the 
Scriptures  by  critics  high  or  low.  He  has  no  sympathy  what- 
ever with  that  vehement  and  mostly  indiscriminate  denuncia- 
tion of  them  which  is  coming  to  be  altogether  too  common. 
He  believes  that  much  good  will  result  from  these  discussions, 
especially  if  they  can  be  conducted  with  mutual  respect  and 
forbearance.  He  not  only  holds  without  abatement  or  mental 
reservation,  and  "  most  firmly,  to  the  divine  character  of  the 
Scriptures  as  something  which  cannot  be  overthrown,"  but, 
essentially,  still,  to  the  old  theory  of  their  origin,  not  excepting 
the  Pentateuch.  He  does  not  hesitate  to  say  that,  in  his  judg- 
ment, not  hastily  or  superficially  formed,  the  arguments  used 
by  German  critics  and  their  followers  for  the  analysis  of  the 
latter  are  demonstrably  fallacious,  and  hence  wholly  inadequate 
to  prove  the  theories  based  upon  them  ;  and  that,  in  no  long- 
time, they  will  be  abandoned  by  their  authors  themselves. 

But  none  of  these  matters  come  directly  within  the  purview 
of  this  article.  Its  one  object  is  to  serve,  in  some  measure,  to 
disabuse  the  public  mind  —  which  seems  to  have  become  some- 
what dangerously  charged  with  the  contrary  sentiment  —  of 
the  idea  that  Pentateuchal  analysis  as  conducted  by  our  critics 
is  a  sort  of  "harmless"  by-play  and  amusement  of  theirs, 
scarcely  concerning  the  ordinary  Christian  ;  a  purely  "literary 
question,"  involving  no  serious  doctrines  of  the  Christian 
faith.  Within  the  narrow  limits  allowed  us  in  this  magazine,  it 
was  only  possible  to  present  a  bare  specimen  of  the  grave 
results  which  are  inevitable  if  it  be  established.  An  important 
series  of  specifications  touching  the  Messianic  Hope*  and 
the  changes  which  will  be  necessary  in  the  ordinary  view  of 
the  relations  between  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  has  been 
wholly  omitted. 

It  is  said,  indeed,  that  one  is  carefully  to  distinguish  be- 
tween the  analysis  of  our  critics,  and  the   conclusions  which 

*  What  value  remains,  for  instance,  to  the  so-called  Protevangelium  (C'len.  3:15)  the  tap- 
root of  all  subsequent  Messianic  prophecy;  of  the  subsequent  promise  to  .Vbraham  (Gen. 
12:1-3);  and,  especially,  of  that  notable  prediction  put  into  the  mouth  of  Moses  (Deut. 
18  :  15),  to  which,  as  it  is  customary  to  suppose,  our  Lord  directly  referred  in  support  of  his 
claims  (  John  5:  46)? 


20 

they  themselves  make  from  it.  True  ;  but  it  is  not  possible  to 
accept  the  analysis  without  accepting,  in  their  main  features, 
the  arguments  which  are  used  in  its  support.  No  attempt  has 
been  made,  that  we  are  aware  of,  to  justify  or  defend  the  anal- 
ysis on  other  grounds  than  those  we  have  been  considering, 
viz.  :  the  general  unreliability  of  the  text  of  the  Bible  in  its 
first  five  books,  in  which,  along  with  not  a  little  intangible 
legend,  there  is  mixed  up  an  almost  inextricable  mass  of  con- 
tradictions and  misstatements.  We  are  in  fullest  accord, 
therefore,  with  the  judgment  of  Prof.  W.  H.  Green,  expressed 
in  a  recent  article  on  a  similar  theme  :*  "It  does  not  annul  the 
inherently  vicious  character  or  the  evil  tendencies  of  this  hy- 
pothesis that  men  rev^ered  for  their  learning  and  piety  have  of 
late  signified  their  acceptance  of  it,  and  that  they  consider  its 
adoption  compatible  with  whatever  is  essential  to  the  Christ- 
ian faith.  It  is  a  remarkable  phenomenon  that  in  European 
universities  eminent  biblical  scholarship  has  been  to  so  great  an 
extent  dissociated  from  faith  in  the  Scriptures  in  any  evangel- 
ical sense.  We  may  wisely  employ  the  Philistines  to  sharpen 
our  spears  and  our  swords  ;  but  we  cannot  join  them  in  an 
assault  upon  the  camp  of  Israel.  No  more  perilous  enterprise 
was  ever  attempted  by  men  held  in  honor  in  the  church  than 
the  wholesale  commendation  of  the  results  of  an  unbelieving 
criticism  in  application  both  to  the  Pentateuch  and  to  the  rest 
of  the  Bible,  as  though  they  were  the  incontestable  product  of  the 
highest  scholarship.  They  who  have  been  themselves  thor- 
oughly grounded  in  the  Christian  faith  may,  by  a  happy  incon- 
sistency, hold  fast  their  old  convictions  while  admitting  princi- 
ples, methods,  and  conclusions  which  are  logically  at  war  with ' 
them.  But  who  can  be  surprised  if  others  shall,  with  stricter 
logic,  carry  what  has  thus  been  commended  to  them  to  its  legit- 
imate issue.''" 

Edwin  Coxe  Bissell. 


*  Old  Test.  Student,  July  1887,  p.  31S. 


2500k   I^OtCiBf* 


The  Best  Books.  A  reader's  guide  to  the  choice  of  the  best  ai'ailable  books 
{about  50,000)  in  every  departtnent  of  science,  art,  and  literature, 
with  the  dates  of  the  first  and  last  editions,  and  the  price,  size,  and 
publisher's  name  of  each  book.  By  William  Swan  Sonnenschein. 
2d ed.  London:  Szvan  Sonnenschein  &=  Co.,  New  York;  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons,  1891.     pp.  cix,  1,009. 

The  above  work  is  excellently  described  by  its  title,  an  uncom- 
mon virtue  to  begin  with,  accompanied  by  the  almost  equally  uncom- 
mon merits  of  wide  and  catholic  inclusion,  judicious  selection,  prac- 
tical classification,  and  sensible  condensed  annotation. 

The  section  on  theology  occupies  pages  1-120,  say  6,000  titles, 
classified  under  ten  general  heads  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-four 
sub-heads.  There  is  a  full  index  of  authors  and  titles.  The  classi- 
fication is  by  no  disciple  of  Dr.  Hartranft,  and  the  selection  by  no 
graduate  of  Hartford  Seminary  ;  moreover,  any  bibliographer  can 
doubtless  pick  flaws  typographical  and  otherwise.  (For  example. 
Professor  Bissell's  initials  are  twice  given  as  "  C.  C")  But  it  is  a 
work  which  by  its  nature  is  to  be  judged  on  its  positive  side,  and  in 
this  aspect  any  bibliographer,  who  examines  carefully,  must  heartily 
declare  its  remarkable  excellence,  the  product  of  extreme  practical 
intelligence  and  industry.  Its  predecessors  —  Bowling,  Malcolm, 
Hurst,  Case  —  the  various  theological  encyclopa.'dias,  and  the  like, 
have  their  own  excellences,  but  this  work  is  the  first  modern  one 
which  furnishes  a  real  usable  guide  to  primary  theological  literature. 

The  method  and  quality  of  the  work  may  be  illustrated  by  the 
following  random  samples  :  Three  works  by  Dr.  Bissell  (described  as 
"Am.  Cong.")  are  included  ;  the  Apocrypha  annotated  "An  original 
work  appended  to  Lange's  commentary,"  the  Biblical  Antiquities 
annotated  "Student's  book,"  and  the  Pentateuch  annotated  "an  inter- 
esting and  thorough  examination  of  recent  theories." 

The  author  mentions  27  works  on  the  Pentateuch,  annotating 
more  or  less  18  of  them.  On  miracles  he  mentions  14,  starring,  as 
having  special  value,  Bruce,  Mozley,  Steinmeyer,  and  Trench. 

The  book  is  too  expensive  for  the  ordinary  theological  student, 
but  a  copy  or  two  in  every  theological  library,  checked  by  the  various 
professors  as  to  books  really  worth  owning,  and  supplemented  in  the 
class  rooms,  would  be  invaluable  to  all  who  are  forming  theological 
libraries.  [e.  c.  r.] 

(21) 


22 

Romans  Dissected.  A  Critical  Analysis  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans. 
By  E.  D.  McRealsham.  Edinburgh :  T.  &=  T.  Clark  ;  New  York  : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1891.     pp.  95. 

This  little  book  of  ninety-five  royal  octavo  pages  appeared  at 
nearly  the  same  time  in  German  (Erlangen  and  Leipzig),  as  in  Eng- 
lish. It  was  written  as  a  travesty  on  current  methods  of  Pentateuchal 
criticism,  and  there  is  no  denying  that  it  has  hit  the  bull's-eye.  The 
Epistle  to  the  Romans  is  almost  universally  admitted  to  be  a  unit 
and  a  genuine  production  of  Paul.  But  employing  the  devices  of 
Pentateuchal  critics  without  exaggeration,  it  is  proven  to  be  by  four 
different  writers,  no  one  of  whom  was  Paul. 

A  critical  analysis  of  the  epistle  discloses  different  points  of  view. 
One  writer  (G',  using  the  name  of  "  God "  for  the  Deity  almost 
exclusively)  makes  salvation  depend  on  obedience  to  the  law.  A 
second  (G")  makes  it  depend  on  faith  in  God.  A  third  (JC,  using  for 
the  Deity  the  title  "  Jesus  Christ  ")  makes  faith  in  Christ's  vicarious 
death  the  chief  thing.  A  fourth  (CJ.,  who  uses  the  title  "  Christ 
Jesus  ")  shows  that  Christian  life  is  a  life  in  the  Spirit,  etc. 

With  the  difference  in  the  use  of  the  divine  names  correspond 
not  alone  the  difference  in  doctrinal  teaching,  but  in  style  and 
language.  The  argument  is  entirely  d  propos  and  it  is  shown  that 
if  it  have  weight  in  the  Pentateuch  it  must  have  special  weight  here. 

In  a  fourth  and  final  chapter  the  alleged  "  conflict  between  facts 
and  theories  "  is  considered.  It  is  shown  that  the  theory  proposed 
relieves  one  of  many  difficulties  ;  the  indecisiveness  of  historical 
testimony  is  dwelt  upon  ;  and  the  facility  of  ancient  writers  in  intro- 
ducing forgeries.  From  various  data  it  is  concluded  that  G'  wrote 
between  A.  D.  80  and  90;  G"  between  100  and  no;  JC.  between 
115  and  125;  and  CJ.  between  130  and  140.  K  Redactor  brought 
together  the  writings  about  A.  D.  150,  and  already,  in  A.  D.  175,. 
Irenaeus  apparently  regards  the  composite  as  a  genuine  work  of  Paul. 

This  book  should  be  widely  read.  For  a  little  book  it  is  a  good 
deal  of  a  boomerang  for  the  advocates  of  the  current  Pentateuchal 
analysis.  [e.  c.  b.] 


Syntax  of  the  Moods  and  Tenses  in  New  Testament  Greek.  By  Ernest 
De  Witt  Burton,  Professor  in  Newton  Theological  Institution.  Bart- 
left  cS^  Co.,  Boston,  189 1,     pp.  44. 

This  is  a  published  issue  of  what  was  first  a  privately  printed 
pamphlet  for  use  in  the  author's  classes.     It  does  not  aim  to  be  ex- 


23 

haustive  in  its  treatment,  nor  does  it  lay  claim  to  any  "  high  degree 
of  originality  "  in  what  it  presents.  It  is  not  intended  for  students 
of  historical  grammar  —  but  simply  for  those  who  have  studied 
classic  Greek  along  the  lines  of  Hadley  or  Goodwin  and  who  wish 
now  to  be  interpreters  of  the  Greek  New  Testament  and  translators 
of  it  into  English  word  and  thought.  It  is  practical,  rather  than 
technically  scientific.  We  believe,  therefore,  that  it  must  be  service- 
able in  the  seminary  class-room,  though  the  student  may  feel  he  can 
not  dispense  with  his  Buttman  or  his  Winer.  And  we  are  not  at  all 
surprised  that,  having  tried  it  in  his  own  work,  the  author  now  finds 
himself  under  the  pleasant  necessity  of  placing  it  before  the  public 
for  general  use. 

We  do  not  wish  here  to  enter  upon  a  discussion  of  the  grammat- 
ical merits  of  the  brochure.  There  is  doubtless  but  little  that  would 
call  for  criticism.  We  would  simply  suggest  that  there  is  a  more 
definite  service  yet  that  the  author  can  render  the  New  Testament 
student-class.  And,  as  there  is  hinted  in  the  announcement  that  "  a 
revised  and  enlarged  edition  "  of  the  pamphlet  is  likely  to  be  issued 
within  another  year,  we  make  bold  to  hope  that  the  suggestion  may 
possibly  be  carried  out. 

There  is  needed  in  seminary  study  a  grammar  that  will  keep  step 
with  the  student  as  he  reads.  We  understand  of  course  that  there  are 
differences  between  the  Greek  of  the  Epistles  and  the  Greek  of  the  Gos- 
pels—  between  the  Greek  of  the  Synoptics  and  the  Greek  of  John  — 
between  the  Greek  even  of  Luke  and  the  Greek  of  his  fellow  Evangel- 
ists, Matthew  and  Mark — and  we  understand  that  these  differences  are 
in  the  sphere  of  grammar,  as  well  as  vocabulary  and  synonymy.  Now 
it  may  not  be  within  the  author's  purpose  to  enlarge  his  pamphlet  to 
♦  an  outline  of  New  Testament  grammar.  But,  even  should  he  keep 
along  the  confined  lines  that  he  has  already  marked  out  for  himself, 
could  he  not,  after  he  has  given  the  student  a  summary  of  general 
rules,  go  with  him  into  his  Epistle  and  his  Gospel  and  Acts  exegesis, 
and  specialize  his  valuable  data,  so  that  it  shall  be  a  complete  and 
exhaustive  help  to  the  Tense  and  Mood  study  of  each  group  of 
books  —  or,  if  he  will,  to  each  particular  book  by  itself.''  We  sin- 
cerely hope  that  this  may  be  done. 

The  method  of  grammar  teaching  employed  to-day  is  different 
from  the  method  employed  a  dozen  years  ago.  Its  new  teaching 
should  be  followed  up  into  the  seminary  class-room.  Such  a  work 
as  we  have  suggested  to  the  author  we  believe  would  be  helpful  to 
this  end.  .      [m-  ^v.  j.]    , 


24 

The  Divine  Order  of  Human  Society.  Being  the  L.  P.  Stone  Lectures 
for  1 89 1.  Delivered  in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  By  Pro- 
fessor Robert  Ellis  Thompson.,  S.T.D.,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
Philadelphia,  John  D.  Wattles,  1891.     pp.  274. 

It  is  a  rare  privilege  to  welcome  an  avowedly  and  distinctively 
Christian  treatise  on  the  science  of  sociology.  Appeals  to  and  invo- 
cations of  the  Bible  and  its  Gospel  are  notably  frequent  in  current 
sociological  literature,  especially  that  of  the  communistic  and  social- 
istic order.  I'ut  the  power-literature  of  this  science  of  many  sciences 
is  almost  exclusively  agnostic,  or  avowedly  anti-Christian.  Comte 
and  Spencer  are  as  yet  by  far  the  greatest  names  in  the  scientific 
literature  of  the  subject.  And  they  do  not  hesitate  to  declare  any 
one  who  believes  in  a  divine  Providence  thereby  incapacitated  for 
the  study  of  sociology.  Prevision  being  essential  to  this  materialistic 
conception  of  all  development,  the  admission  of  any  volitional  inter- 
position, divine  or  human,  is  precluded  a  priori.  It  still  remains  to 
be  seen  how  long  the  Christian  Church  will  continue  to  ignore  the 
apologetic,  much  more  the  practical,  bearing  of  thus  tacitly  surrender- 
ing into  the  hands  of  materialistic  evolutionists  the  formulation  of 
the  Science  of  Society,  which  has  to  do,  not  only  theoretically,  but 
constructively,  with  the  three  normal  forms  of  all  institutional  life, 
the  family,  the  state,  and  the  Church  itself. 

But  here  is  an  author  who,  in  full  view  of  the  wide  range  of  soci- 
ological literature,  "  needs  make  no  apology  for  beginning  with  the 
Bible,"  and  for  regarding  it  as  the  first  source  of  a  "  higher  sociol- 
ogy " ;  who  maintains  sociology  to  have  been  a  science  of  evolution 
long  before  Darwin  ;  who  denies  that  progress  and  civilization  are 
the  outcome  of  unvarying  "  natural  law  "  or  that  the  savage  is  the 
normal  man  :  and  affirms  the  divine  will  and  human  freedom,  the  In- 
carnation and  regeneration  to  be  more  primal  and  potent,  constant 
and  calculable  forces  in  social  development  than  heredity  and  envi- 
ronment. Profoundly  convinced  that  the  present  truth  —  the  truth 
demanded  by  the  needs  and  the  cravings  of  to-day  —  is  the  proclama- 
tion of  the  Kingdom  of  God,  /.  c.,  the  revelation  of  God  to  men  in 
social  relations  and  social  duties,  the  Stone  Lecturer  for  1891  has  very 
successfully  accomplished  the  object  of  his  course,  namely,  to  put 
his  hearers  and  readers  into  the  right  attitude  to  appreciate  the  broad 
outHnes  of  Christian  sociology,  the  significance  of  the  problems  of 
the  family,  the  state,  and  the  Church,  and  the  bearings  of  proposed 
solutions.  The  foundations  of  our  Christian  lectureships  can  be 
invested  in  no  way  to  yield  a  larger  return  to  the  Christianity  of  the 
future  than  in  the  production  by  such  studies  as  these  of  a  scientific 
Christian  sociology.  [(•,.  x.l 


25 

The  Darkness  and  Daylight :  or  Lights  and  Shadoivs  of  JVew  York 
Life.  By  Helen  Campbell.,  Col.  l^homas  W.  Knox,  and  Lnspector 
Thomas  Byrnes.      A.  D.    Worthington  6^    Co.,   Hartford,    1891. 

pp.  xii,  740. 

The  weird  and  alarming  echoes  awakened  by  that  "  exceeding 
bitter  "  Cry  of  Outcast  L.oiidon  continue  to  resound  throughout  the 
world.  The  same  year  that  it  was  issued  by  the  Congregational  Union, 
George  R.  Sims  published,  with  sixty  illustrations,  his  awful  descrip- 
tion of  ILow  the  Poor  Live.  Pamphlets  on  Down  in  the  Depths  of  Out- 
cast London,  One-Room  Life  in  L^ondofi,  etc.,  rapidly  followed.  Then 
came  W.  T.  Stead's  heroic  disclosures  of  the  contribution  of  so-called 
higher  life  to  the  wickedness  of  the  depths.  In  1889,  Charles  Booth, 
assisted  by  a  corps  of  seven  other  contributors,  edited  the  most 
scientific  analysis  of  the  Life  and  Labour  of  the  People  in  Past  Lon- 
don that  has  ever  been  made  of  any  population.  Out  of  that  district 
itself  came  the  Rev,  and  Mrs.  S.  A.  Barnett's  suggestive  little  volume 
on  Practicable  Socialism.  Last,  but  by  no  means  least,  perhaps 
greater  than  all  in  its  practical  effect,  arose  the  call  to  the  people  of 
England  to  do  something  to  save  the  "  submerged  tenth,"  uttered  by 
the  General  of  the  Salvation  Army  through  that  trumpet-voiced  book, 
Ln  Darkest  England  and  the  Way  Out. 

In  this  country  Dr.  Josiah  Strong  clearly  led  the  way  along  this 
line  of  literature  in  convening  an  Inter-Denominational  Congress  in 
the  interests  of  City  Evangelization  at  Cincinnati  in  1885,  whose  dis- 
cussions are  published  by  Cranston  &  Stowe.  "Our  Country"  soon 
followed,  and  is  yet  to  follow  and  to  lead.  Riis'  Hoiv  the  Other  Lfalf 
Lives  vividly  portrays  the  condition  of  the  poor  in  New  York  City, 
and  especially  the  horrors  of  the  tenement-house  system.  Well 
worthy  to  be  classed  with  these  epoch-making  books  in  evangelistic 
and  philanthropic  literature  is  the  subscription  volume  recently  pub- 
lished in  handsome  form,  with  photographic  illustrations,  entitled 
Darkness  and  Daylight  of  Are7ci  York  Life.  The  "  Darkness  "  is  de- 
picted as  none  could  more  grimly  fathom  it  than  Inspector  Byrnes, 
Chief  of  the  New  York  Police.  The  "  Life  "  could  hardly  be  more 
graphically  reproduced  than  by  the  journalistic  pen  of  Col.  Thomas 
W.  Knox,  aided  by  flash-light  photography.  The  "  Daylight "  is 
that  of  Christian  city  evangelism  and  philanthropy,  which  none 
know  better  how  to  describe  than  Mrs.  Helen  Campbell,  author  of 
Ihe  Problem  of  the  L\)or,  and  Prisoners  of  Poverty,  and  the  corre- 
spondent of  the  New  York  Tribune  on  the  social  statistics  of  the  de- 
pressed classes.  [g.  t.] 


26 

The  Pacific.      Vol.  XL.     Edited  and  Published  by  the  Publishing  Co.  of 

The  Pacific.     San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Congregational  weeklies  are  now  numerous  from  ocean  to  ocean, 
but  when  the  Pacific  was  established  in  early  California  days  it  had 
no  neighbor.  It  was  a  pioneer,  has  grown  up  with  the  country,  and 
completes  forty  years  of  useful  life  the  present  month.  The  first 
impression  on  opening  the  Pacific  is  its  admirable  type  and  the 
familiar  names  of  its  contributors.  Published  in  a  great  city  and 
serving  a  region  in  itself  an  empire,  its  correspondence  includes  all 
the  great  centers  of  religious  life  east  of  the  Rockies.  No  paper 
more  truly  cosmopolitan,  in  respect  to  its  widely  scattered  contribu- 
tors and  the  regions  they  represent,  comes  to  our  table.  Its  editori- 
als are  concise  and  timely,  and  both  these  and  the  news  department 
have  a  genuine  western  avoidance  of  all  circumlocution.  The  way  the 
Pacific  calls  some  sins  by  name  and  points  them  out  to  its  readers 
is  likely,  if  practiced  with  even-handed  justice,  to  "throw  a  cold- 
ness "  over  its  constituency,  unless  they  are  people  in  dead  earnest  to 
improve  their  hearts  and  lives  at  every  cost.  A  man  may  be  par- 
tially judged  by  his  favorite  books  and  newspapers.  Our  study  of 
the  Pacific  enlarges  and  exalts  our  conception  of  the  growing  Con- 
gregational community  to  which  it  has  so  long  ministered. 

[f.  s.  h.] 

The  Presbyterian.     Vol.  LXL     Published  by  Mutchmore  6-  Co.,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Few  things  bring  home  to  the  mind  such  a  sense  of  the  varieties 
of  Christian  thought  and  feeling  among  us  as  does  the  examination 
of  the  religious  papers  representing  denominations  other  than  one's 
own.  Here  is  an  excellent  antidote  for  provincialism  in  religion. 
Would  that  all  our  ministers  and  laymen  could  take  and  read  two 
religious  newspapers, —  the  favorite  denominational  paper  and  a 
representative  journal  of  another  Christian  fellowship. 

"Revision"  and  kindred  subjects  now  agitating  the  body  repre- 
sented by  the  Presbyterian  occupy  several  columns  in  that  journal. 
Other  subjects  are,  however,  widely  represented,  and  the  field  of 
religious  intelligence,  foreign  lands  not  excepted,  is  well  covered. 
The  editorials  fill  more  than  a  fifth  of  the  space,  and  are  very  gene- 
rally colored  by  the  condition  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  to-day. 
Earnest,  strong,  and  free  from  bitterness,  though  dealing  some  severe 
blows,  they  are  easily  the  first  thing  an  intelligent  subscriber  would 
read.  The  Presbyterian  is  a  low-priced  weekly,  but  it  ought  to  be 
printed  upon  better  paper.  The  setting  is  wholly  unworthy  the 
contents.  [f.  s.  h.] 


3llumni  i^ehj^ef* 


WESTERN    MASSACHUSETTS    ASSOCIATION. 


The  Western  Massachusetts  Alumni  Association  held  its  annual 
meeting,  September  28,  at  Cooley's  hotel  in  Springfield,  with  sessions 
in  the  morning  and  afternoon.  The  attendance  was  good,  both  active 
and  corresponding  members  being  well  represented,  and  the  Associa- 
tion receiving  as  its  guests  Professor  Taylor,  of  the  Seminary,  and 
T.  M.  Hodgdon,  '88,  of  West  Hartford,  on  behalf  of  the  Con- 
necticut Association.  There  were  also  present  several  ladies  from 
the  Women's  Advisory  Committee  of  Springfield. 

The  morning  session  was  chiefly  occupied  by  business  and  in- 
formal discussion.  In  the  absence  of  the  President,  C.  S.  Mills,  '85, 
who  had  already  gone  to  his  new  work  in  Cleveland,  the  chair  was 
taken  by  the  Vice-President,  G.  W.  Winch,  '75,  of  Holyoke,  who 
was  appointed  President  for  the  ensuing  year.  Other  officers 
were  elected  as  follows  :  Vice-President,  A.  B.  Bassett,  '87,  of  Ware  ; 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  E.  H.  Knight,  '80,  West  Springfield; 
Executive  Committee,  the  above  officers  and  J.  P.  Harvey,  '80, 
of  Ware,  and  F.  S.  Hatch,  '75,  of  Monson.  Reports  were  made 
by  the  chairmen  of  the  committees  on  Instruction  and  Apparatus 
and  on  Endowment,  together  with  which  informal  statements 
were  made  concerning  the  working  of  the  plan  for  the  admis- 
sion of  women  to  the  Seminary,  and  concerning  the  Record. 
By  unanimous  vote  the  Association  expressed  its  hearty  appreciation 
of  the  labors  of  the  editors  of  the  Record,  The  interest  taken  in 
these  matters  showed  the  advantage  of  having  a  place  and  time 
where  the  friends  of  the  Seminary  may  informally,  but  freely  and 
thoroughly,  discuss  all  matters  of  current  interest  in  relation  to  the 
practical  working  of  the  Seminary. 

After  a  recess  for  dinner,  which  made  a  highly  enjoyable  social 
hour,  the  Association  resumed  its  session  for  a  discussion  of  the 
question,  "  Does  the  common  curriculum  in  our  theological  seminaries 
need  revision  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  present  age  ?  "  The  discus- 
sion was  opened  by  G.  R.  Hewitt,  '86,  of  West  Springfield,  who  gave 
illustrations  from  the  different  seminaries  to  show  what  the  common 

(27) 


28 

course  is,  and  then  proceeded  to  indicate  how,  in  his  opinion,  this 
course  should  be  modified,  laying  special  stress  upon  the  study  of 
sociology  as  one  of  the  great  needs  in  equipping  the  minister  of  the, 
present  day.  Professor  Taylor  followed  in  an  address  of  great 
power,  in  which  he  referred  to  various  criticisms  passed  upon  our 
seminaries  as  not  sending  out  men  fitted  for  the  times,  showed  how  the 
question  under  discussion  came  back  to  a  more  fundamental  question, 
namely,  What  is  the  aim  of  all  theological  education  ?  and  gave  illus- 
trations from  his  own  department  of  work  which  manifested  its 
exceedingly  practical  character  and  adaptation  to  the  present  age. 
He  also  outlined  three  possible  plans  of  theological  study,  which 
might  be  called  the  medium,  the  minor,  and  the  major  course;  the 
medium  being  the  usual  regular  course  for  candidates  for  the 
ministry ;  the  minor,  a  short  cut  for  those  lacking  in  preparation 
and  the  major,  a  post-graduate  course  for  all  who  might  wish  to 
pursue  special  studies  farther  than  the  regular  course  would  carry 
them.  He  asserted  that  Hartford  Seminary  had  long  felt  the  many 
disadvantages  in  combining  the  medium  and  minor  courses,  so  that 
it  had  given  up  the  minor  course,  and  now  insisted  more  rigidly  than 
ever  on  college  graduation  or  its  equivalent  as  a  condition  of  admis- 
sion ;  but  he  propounded  the  query  whether  there  might  not  be  a 
large  field  open  to  the  Seminary  in  major  courses  which  should 
gradually  present  greater  and  greater  opportunities  to  those  desiring 
to  pursue  special  advanced  studies.  An  informal  discussion  fol- 
lowed, the  general  drift  of  which  was  that  there  might  be  certain 
changes  necessary  in  the  common  theological  curriculum  to  adapt  it 
to  present  needs,  but  that  the  great  essentials  should  remain  the  same 
in  substance,  being  more  or  less  modified  and  adjusted  in  form,  in 
order  to  meet  present  exigencies. 


Francis  Williams,  '41,  having  completed  fifty  years  of  painstaking 
and  successful  ministry,  the  past  thirty-three  in  a  single  pastorate  at  Chaplin, 
Conn.,  retired  from  active  service  October  i.  His  home  will  be  in  East 
Hartford,  where  he  has  purchased  a  house.  On  September  20  he  preached 
a  sermon  in  commemoration  of  the  end  of  his  half-century  of  ministerial 
work.  On  October  22  he  and  his  most  estimable  wife  will  celebrate  their 
golden  wedding  by  a  reception  at  their  home  in  Chaplin. 

Francis  F.  Williams,  who  lost  his  life  in  the  burning  of  the  hotel  at 
Palmer,  Mass.,  Aug.  3,  1891,  was  born  at  Kennebunk,  Me.,  July  31,  1824. 
Mr.  Williams  became  a  Christian  at  an  early  age.  He  graduated  from  Bow- 
doin  College  in  1845,  and  after  teaching  in  the  South  for  three  years,  he  en- 


29 

tered  Bangor  Seminary.  He  took  the  last  year  of  his  theological  course  at 
East  Windsor  Hill,  graduating  in  185 1.  He  began  his  ministerial  service 
at  Manchester,  Conn.,  and  was  very  successful.  His  health  failed,  how- 
ever, and  he  was  obliged  to  retire  for  a  little  while.  When  he  resumed  the 
active  work  of  the  ministry,  he  was  pastor  successively  at  Boylston,  East 
jMarshfield,  Scituate,  Norfolk,  and  Holland,  Mass.  He  retired  from  his  last 
pastorate  a  few  years  before  his  death,  and  was  stopping  for  a  time  at 
Palmer,  when  he  was  called  home. 

The  efficient  editor  of  the  Puget  Sound  department  of  The  Central 
West,  the  Presbyterian  organ  of  Nebraska  and  Colorado,  is  Benjamin 
Parsons,  '54,  of  Seattle,  Wash. 

H.  W.  Jones,  '60,  has  changed  his  address  from  Vacaville  to  Pasa- 
dena, Cal. 

A.  W.  Field,  '70,  has  resigned  his  pastorate  at  New  Marlboro,  Mass. 

Vincent  Moses,  '71,  after  four  years'  charge  of  the  churches  in  Patten 
and  Island  Falls,  Me.,  has  resigned  to  accept  a  professorship  in  Lake  Charles 
College  in  Louisiana. 

Nahabed  Abdalian,  '77,  was  mistakenly  reported  in  the  Alumni  Reg- 
ister of  June  as  the  Protestant  pastor  in  Bardizag.  He  is  a  practicing  phy- 
sician at  Gurun,  Turkey. 

V.  E.  LoBA,  '79,  has  removed  from  Siloam  Springs,  Ark.,  to  Noble, 
Mo.  He  will  have  charge  not  only  of  church  work,  but  of  the  academy  in 
his  new  field. 

We  clip  the  following  from  The  Presbyterian  : —  "A  little  over  a  year 
ago  the  first  Presbyterian  church  of  colored  people  was  organized  in  the  city 
of  Richmond,  Va.,  with  twenty  members.  Rev.  J.  E.  Rawlins,  from  British 
West  Indies,  a  graduate  of  Hartford  Theological  Seminary,  is  its  pastor. 
At  its  communion,  July  26,  four  persons  were  received  into  the  fellowship 
of  the  church, — three  on  profession  of  faith  and  one  by  letter.  The  present 
membership  is  twenty-six.  There  is  a  good  Sunday-school.  Ten  children 
have  been  baptized  since  the  organization.  The  work  is  connected  with  the 
Freedmen's  Board,  but  the  Presbyterian  pastors  of  the  city  and  their 
churches  are  also  manifesting  deep  interest  in  it,  and  have  given  strong 
assurances  of  practical  co-operation.  The  erection  of  a  suitable  place  of 
worship  is  under  consideration.  Everything  seems  to  give  indication  of  a 
prosperous  future." 

T.  M.  Price,  '83,  has  added  to  his  list  of  three  churches  a  new  work  at 
Hewitville,  Minn.,  where  a  railroad  station  has  recently  been  established. 

During  the  past  summer  W.  F.  English,  '85,  and  his  wife  have  been 
stationed  at  Gurun,  Turkey,  where  they  will  remain  at  work  until  next  April. 
Mr.  English  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the  University  of  Omaha  at 
its  last  commencement. 


30 

E.  W.  Greene,  '85,  has  been  elected  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools 
for  Cache  County,  Utah.  In  this  election  Mr.  Greene  received  over  a  thou- 
sand Mormon  votes. 

C.  S.  Mills,  '8s,  was  installed  on  September  24,  as  pastor  of  the  Jen- 
nings Avenue  Church  in  Cleveland,  O. 

C.  H.  Curtis,  '86,  of  Portland,  Oregon,  was  married  in  that  cit}-,  July 
10,  to  Miss  Anna  Gilt. 

A  remarkable  religious  interest  is  reported  in  the  church  at  Upton, 
Mass.,  where  A.  J.  Dyer,  '86,  is  pastor. 

D.  P.  Hatch,  ^86,  has  just  removed  from  Rockland,  Me.,  to  Paterson, 
N.  J.,  where  he  becomes  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  church,  Mr.  Hatch's  pas- 
torate in  Rockland  has  been  a  highly  successful  one,  and  great  regret  is  ex- 
pressed over  his  removal  from  the  State  of  Maine. 

H.  H.  Avery,  '87,  has  been  compelled  by  ill  health  to  close  his  work  in 
St.  Francis  and  Bird  City,  Kan.,  and  to  rest  for  a  time  in  the  hope  of  regain- 
ing strength. 

W.  A.  George,  '87,  who  has  been  at  work  at  Lyndhurst,  N.  J.,  has 
accepted  a  call  to  the  Madison  Ave.  (Presbyterian)  Chapel  in  Paterson,  N. 
J.,  beginning  work  November  i. 

A.  F.  Lyman,  '88,  is  temporarily  supplying  the  church  in  Abington, 
Mass. 

H.  M.  Lyman,  '88,  who  has  been  for  some  time  engaged  as  a  civil  engi- 
neer in  Tennessee,  goes  this  fall  to  Chicago  Theological  Seminary  for  a  year 
of  study. 

Richard  Wright,  '90,  after  'supplying  the  pulpit  at  Windsor  Locks, 
Conn.,  for  more  than  a  year,  has  accepted  a  call  to  become  pastor.  His  in- 
stallation took  place  on  October  7,  Professor  Taylor  preaching  the  ser- 
mon. Mr.  Wright  spent  several  weeks  in  a  trip  to  Great  Britain  during 
the  summer. 

J.  S.  Porter,  '91,  was  ordained  to  foreign  missionary  work  at  his  home 
church  in  Gilead,  Conn.,  on  September  16.  Professor  Bissell  preached  the 
sermon,  and  C.  H.  Barber,  '80,  and  F.  M.  Hollister,  '91,  took  part  in  the  ser- 
vice.    Mr.  Porter  soon  leaves  for  his  post  in  Austria  under  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 

Those  of  the  class  of  '91  who  were  not  settled  when  our  last  number 
was  issued  are  rapidly  entering  upon  their  work.  A.  L.  Colder  becomes 
pastor  at  Canton  Center,  Conn.  Carleton  Hazen  takes  charge  of  the 
church  at  Rochester,  Vt.,  while  J.  N.  Perrin  and  W.  S.  Walker  go  to 
Williamstown  and  Lunenburgh  in  the  same  State  respectively. 


«f>eminarp  3ilnnal^» 


OPENING  OF  THE  FIFTY-EIGHTH  YEAR. 

The  exercises  of  the  new  Seminary  year  were  opened  on  Thurs- 
day, September  17,  by  morning  prayers.  The  schedule  of  pre- 
scribed hours  went  into  immediate  operation,  so  that  by  evening  all 
the  classes  were  at  work.  With  hardly  an  exception  all  the  students 
were  on  hand,  and  all  were  evidently  ready  for  duty.  Probably  never 
in  the  history  of  the  institution  has  the  beginning  of  the  year's  work 
been  so  prompt  and  so  energetic. 

The  most  noticeable  features  of  the  opening  were,  of  course,  the 
inauguration  of  the  elective  system  and  the  general  raising  of  the 
standard  of  admission  and  of  promotion.  In  the  effort  to  meet  the 
varied  needs  of  the  times  and  to  enlarge  the  sphere  of  theological 
education  —  in  which  the  Seminary  has  been  prominent  of  recent 
years  —  the  prescribed  curriculum  had  become  unwieldy.  Either  a 
reduction  or  a  change  of  system  was  imperative.  Under  these  con- 
ditions of  necessity  —  the  pressure  of  students'  needs  and  of  the  de- 
velopments of  theological  science  —  the  elective  system  was  adopted 
by  the  Faculty  and  Trustees.  The  prescribed  course  was  reduced  to 
12  hours  per  week  for  Juniors,  10  for  Middlers,  and  9  for  Seniors, 
with  a  requisition  besides  of  3  to  4  hours  of  elective  work  on  Juniors, 
and  of  5  to  6  hours  on  both  Middlers  and  Seniors.  The  exact  bal- 
ance of  hours  and  of  subjects  between  the  prescribed  and  the  elective 
courses  may  not  remain  as  it  is.  But  the  general  timeliness  of  the 
change  is  shown  by  the  facts  that  every  one  of  the  twenty-two  elec- 
tives  offered  for  the  First  Semester  was  chosen  by  a  larger  or  smaller 
class,  and  that,  as  soon  as  the  schedule  of  hours  could  be  arranged, 
the  various  groups  of  students  plunged  enthusiastically  into  their 
work. 

In  addition  to  the  various  prescribed  courses  in  all  departments, 
the  following  elective  courses  are  now  in  progress :  —  Professor  Bissell, 
The  Post-Exilian  Prophets  (for  Middlers  and  Seniors),  Biblical 
Aramaic  (for  Middlers),  Arabic  (for  Seniors)  ;  Professor  Walker,  Gen- 
eral History,  1648-1820  (for  Juniors  and  Middlers),  Select  Topics  in 
Mediaeval  Church  History  (for  Seniors)  ;  Professor  Bcardslee,  Biblical 
Ecclesiology  and  Eschatology  (for  Seniors) ;  Professor  Gillett,  Apolo- 
getics of  the  New  Testament  (for  all  classes).  Historic  Apologetics 
(for  Juniors"),  English  Philosophy  (for  Middlers  and  Seniors)  ;  Pro- 
fessor 2'aylor,  Special  Homiletics  (for  Middlers),  Special  Homiletics 

(31) 


32 

and  Evangelistics  (for  Seniors) ;  Professor  Pratt,  Elementary  Sight- 
singing  (for  Juniors  and  Middlers),  Intermediate  Siglit-singing  (for 
Middlers),  Musical  Analysis  (for  Middlers),  Vocal  Expression  and 
Gesture  (for  Middlers),  History  and  Theory  of  Church  Music  (for 
Seniors),  Advanced  Elocution  (for  Seniors);  Professor  Per?y,  Bibli- 
ographical method  (for  Juniors). 

Among  the  factors  in  the  strength  of  the  institutional  life  most 
important  is  the  return  of  President  Hartranft  in  full  vigor  to  his 
post  of  leadership  and  instruction.  His  entire  withdrawal  for  ten 
months  from  active  duty  had  been  a  serious  crippling  of  the  Seminary 
staff,  and  a  menace  to  its  future.  His  return  was  therefore  welcomed 
by  both  teachers  and  students  with  hearty  rejoicing.  He  at  once 
addressed  himself  to  supplying  the  gap  in  one  side  of  the  Systematic 
department  left  by  Professor  Zenos'  withdrawal.  The  instruction  in 
the  department  of  New  Testament  exegesis  has  been  most  acceptably 
begun  by  Professor  Jacobus,  who  has  already  won  golden  opinions 
from  all  as  a  man,  a  scholar,  a  teacher,  and  an  orator.  It  may  be 
doubted  whether  the  institution  ever  received  a  new  professor  who 
so  immediately  proved  himself  perfectly  at  home  in  his  position. 

It  was  expected  that  the  number  of  students  would  show  a  dimi- 
nution from  that  of  last  year.  Some  of  those  then  enrolled  were 
dropped  before  the  end  of  the  year,  some  continued  through  only 
on  probation,  and  others  were  evidently  keeping  up  only  with  difficulty. 
Various  providential  reasons  obliged  a  few  to  change  their  Seminary 
relations.  The  absence  of  President  Hartranft  and  the  withdrawal 
of  Professors  Zenos  and  Nash  certainly  diminished  the  apparent 
resources  of  the  Faculty.  The  sharp  emphasis  put  upon  suitable 
preparation  on  the  part  of  candidates  for  admission  had  the  effect 
of  turning  away  several.  More  applicants  were  discouraged  than 
have  been  received.  The  result  is  a  compact  body  of  students, 
unusually  homogeneous  and  energetic.  The  full  roll  is  given  on  a 
later  page.  Three  students  undertook  the  entrance  examinations  on 
September  i6,  on  the  basis  of  which  a  prize  scholarship  was  awarded 
to  Mr.  Ozora  S.  Davis,  a  graduate  of  Dartmouth  College  in  1889, 
and  for  two  years  Principal  of  the  High  School  at  White  River 
Junction,  Vt. 

Among  the  new  students  it  may  not  be  improper  to  particularize 
one  or  two.  Mr.  Abe  is  a  Japanese  pastor  of  several  years'  standing, 
a  graduate  of  the  Doshisha,  who  comes  here  by  advice  of  the  mis- 
sionaries on  the  field  especially  for  the  mastery  of  scientific  methods 
of  exegesis.  Dr.  Barnes,  who  has  been  for  sixteen  years  professor 
in  Iowa  College,  comes  to  supplement  certain  deficiencies  in  his 
preparation  for  entering  ministerial  work,  particularly  in  Hebrew  and 
in  Systematic  Theology.     Several   others  come  from  work  and  ex- 


33 

perience  of  uncommon  interest.  The  average  age  of  the  new-comers 
is  over  29  years.  Mr.  Sleeper,  who  is  under  appointment  to  take 
charge  of  the  musical  department  of  Beloit  College,  remains  part  of 
the  year  for  special  studies  in  various  musical  subjects. 

Viewed  as  a  whole  the  opening  of  the  year  is  felt  to  be  highly 
successful.  The  organization  of  the  institution's  work  never  was 
more  effective,  the  intellectual  and  spiritual  tone  of  the  whole  frater- 
nity never  better,  and  the  atmosphere  of  fellowship  and  good  cheer 
never  more  pervasive. 


ENGLISH    LITERATURE    PRIZE. 

The  Faculty  of  Hartford  Theological  Seminary  take  pleasure  in 
announcing  that  Albert  S.  Cook,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  the  English 
Language  and  Literature  in  Yale  University,  has  authorized  them  to 
offer  a  prize  of  $50  for  the  best  essay  on  ''English  Literature  in  the 
Schools  as  an  Ally  of  Religion"  under  the  following  conditions  :  — 

(i)  The  prize  to  be  known  as  the  "  Hartranft  Prize,"  in  token  of 
the  donor's  obligations  as  a  student  of  English  Literature  to  Presi- 
dent Hartranft  of  Hartford  Theological  Seminary. 

(2)  Competition  to  be  open  to  any  student  in  the  regular  course 
of  any  Theological  Seminary  in  New  England. 

(3)  Essays  to  contain  between  3,000  and  5,000  words. 

(4)  Essays  to  be  sent  to  the  Registrar  of  Hartford  Theological 
Seminary  on  or  before  April  i,  1892,  signed  with  a  fictitious  name, 
and  accompanied  by  a  sealed  envelope  inscribed  with  this  name  and 
containing  the  author's  real  name,  together  with  a  certificate  from 
the  Dean  of  his  Seminary  that  he  is  a  student  in  the  regular  course 
for  the  year  189 1-2. 

(5)  The  prize  to  be  awarded  by  a  committee  of  three,  namely, 
Rev,  Graham  Taylor,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Practical  Theology  in  Hart- 
ford Theological  Seminary,  Mr.  Richard  E.  Burton,  Ph.D.,  of  the 
Hartford  Conrant,  and  Mr.  Wilbur  F.  Gordy,  Principal  of  the  North 
School,  Hartford. 

(6)  The  award  to  be  announced  and  the  prize  paid  about  May 
I,  1892,  and  all  unsuccessful  essays  returned,  if  the  writers  desire. 

(7)  The  successful  essay  to  be  pubUshed  during  the  summer  of 
1892  in  the  Hartford  Seminary  Record,  or  some  other  periodical 
of  similar  grade. 


(34) 


ROLL  OF  STUDENTS  FOR  1891-92. 

FELLOWS. 


Arthur  L.  Gillett 
Morris  W.  Morse 
Edward  E.  Nourse 

Henry  D.  Sleeper 


appointed  in  1889. 
"  1890. 

"  i8qi. 


GRADUATE   STUDENT. 


Harvard  University, .     Hartford  Seminary,  1S91. 


Worcester,  Mass. 


Harry  G.  Bissell 
James  A.  Blaisdell 
Irving  A.  Burnap 
Lyman  P.  Hitchcock 
Henry  Holmes 
Ernest  R.  Latham 
Henry  B.  Mason 
William  J.  Tate 
Gerhart  A.  Wilson 


SENIOR   CLASS. 

Olivet  College,  1S90. 

Beloit  College,  1SS9. 

Amherst  College,  1S88. 

Syracuse  University,  1889. 

Carleton  College, . 

Olivet  College,  1S88. 

Trinity  College,  18S6. 
Lake  Forest  College,  1889. 

MIDDLE   CLASS. 

Haig  Adadourian 

Central  Turkey  College,  1889. 

Reginald  V.  Bury 

LUTIE   R.    CORVVIN 

William  A.  Estabrook 
Hannah  J.  Gilson 
Austin  Hazen,  Jr. 
John  O.  A.  Johnson 
Benjamin  W.  Labaree 

Marietta  College,  1888. 

Harootune  H.  Sargavakian 

Euphrates  College,  1884. 

Nicholas  Van  der  Pyl 


Mt.  Holyoke  Seminary,  1868. 

University  of  Vermont,  1885. 

Fisk  University,  1890. 


Harry  T.  Williams 


Oberlin  College,  1890. 


Hampton,  Conn. 

Beloit,  Wis. 

Fitchburg,  Mass. 

Hartford,  Conn. 

East  Hampton,  Conn. 

Huntsburgh,  O. 

Reading,  Mass. 

Windsor  Locks,  Conn. 

Ravenswood,   111. 

Adana,  Turkey. 

Dublin,  Ireland. 

Cleveland,  O. 

West  Dover,  Vt. 

Walpole,  N.  H. 

Richmond,  Vt. 

Nashville,  Tenn. 

Oroomiah,  Persia. 

Harpoot,  Turkey. 

Boston,  Mass. 

Moline,  111. 


Iso  Abe 

WiLLARD  L.  Beard 
Thomas  J.  Bell 
Frank  S.  Brewer 
Herbert  E.  Carleton 
Ozora  S.  Davis 
DwiGHT  Goddard 
Paul  L.  La  Cour 
James  A.  Otis 
James  A.  Solandt 
Frederick  A.  Sumner 


35 

JUNIOR   CLASS. 

Doshisha  College,  1SS4. 

Oberlin  College,  1891. 

Atlanta  University,  1891. 

Beloit  College,  1S91. 

Carleton  College,  1891. 

Dartmouth  College,  1889, 

Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute,  1S81 

Fisk  University,  1885. 

Doane  College,  1S91. 

Oberlin  College,  1S91. 

Oberlin  College,  1891. 

SPECIAL   STUDENTS. 


Fukuoka,  Japan. 

Birmingham,  Conn. 

Altamaha,  Ga. 

Ashton,  111. 

Hartford,  Conn. 

White  River  Junction,  Vt. 

Holyoke,  Mass. 

Nashville,  Tenn. 

Irvington,  Neb. 

Inverness,  Quebec. 

Eastford,  Conn. 


William  J.  Baker  Chicopee,  Mass. 

School  for  Christian  Workers,  1891. 

Stephen  G.  Barnes,  Ph.D.,  Litt.D.  Grinnell,  la. 

Lafayette  College,  1873. 

Curtis  M.  Geer  East  Windsor,  Conn. 

Williams  College,  1S87.     Hartford  Seminary,  1S90. 

William  C.  Hawks 

Amherst  College,  18S5. 


Edwin  M.  Pickop 
Albert  H.  Plumb,  Jr. 


Fellows, 

Graduates, 

Seniors, 

Middlers, 

Juniors, 

Specials, 


Harvard  University,  18S4. 

Amherst  College,  1891. 

SUMMARY. 


Hartford,  Conn. 
Bloomfield,  Conn. 
Roxbury,  Mass. 


3 
I 

9 
II 
II 

6 


41 


36 

During  the  summer  the  members  of  the  Faculty  have  not  simply 
rested.  All  have  made  more  or  less  special  preparation  for  this  year's  in- 
struction ;  some  have  done  work  of  a  more  public  character,  which  deserves 
mention.  Professor  Bissell  has  prepared  a  second  edition  of  his  Hebreii} 
Grammar  and  added  to  it,  Part  III,  The  Syntax;  has  written  an  article  on 
The  Pentateuchal  Discussion  —  Present  Outlook,  which  appears  in  the 
September  number  of  the  Homiletic  Review — in  addition  to  the  article  in  our 
present  issue;  and  has  printed  a  syllabus  for  work  in  O.  T.  Criticism  with 
a  chart,  of  his  own  devising,  illustrating  the  analysis  of  Genesis.  He  also 
represented  the  Seminary  at  the  inauguration  of  President  Gates  at  Amhei'st, 
June  24,  and  preached  the  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  John  S.  Porter,  '91, 
as  a  Foreign  Missionary  on  September  16.  Professor  Taylor  on  June 
16  delivered  the  Commencement  address  before  the  Alumni  of  Rutgers 
College  —  his  Alma  Mater  —  on  The  Place  of  Sociology  in  Practical  Edu- 
cation. At  the  Commencement  of  Dartmouth  College,  he  gave  the  annual 
address  before  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  He  preached  the  sermon  at  the  ordination 
and  installation  of  S.  T.  Livingston,  '91,  at  South  Egremont,  Mass.,  on  July 
8;  and  took  the  same  part  at  the  installation  of  Richard  Wright,  '90,  at 
Windsor  Locks,  Conn.,  on  October  7.  Professor  Beardslee  gave  a  lecture 
at  the  Summer  School  held  at  the  School  for  Christian  Workers,  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  on  August  1 1 ;  he  also  preached  the  sermon  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  F.  J.  Perkins,  '91,  as  a  Foreign  Missionary  at  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  Hartford,  on  June  16;  and  gave  the  charge  to  the  people 
at  the  installation  of  T.  M.  Hodgdon,  '88,  at  West  Hartford  on  July  8. 
Professor  Pratt  completed  his  work  as  musical  editor  of  The  Century 
Dictionary  in  August;  and  read  a  paper  before  the  Maine  State  Conference 
on  June  18,  upon  Music  in  Public  Worship.  Professor  Perry,  in  con- 
nection with  C.  S.  Mills,  '85,  edited  a  new  series  of  The  Brookfi eld  Services 
upon  the  Parables.  Professor  Gillett  supplied  the  church  at  Bristol,  Conn., 
during  July  and  August.  Professor  Walker  was  engaged  throughout  the 
summer  in  special  studies  upon  a  topic  in  his  department. 

The  summer  work  by  students  is  of  value  both  in  furnishing  practical 
experience  and  in  revealing  the  need  of  careful  preparation  for  future  work. 
Not  a  little  good  is  accomplished,  also,  in  the  various  fields  in  the  way  of 
organizing  new  societies  and  in  strengthening  and  reviving  churches.  The 
Master's  work  is  great  and  the  need  for  earnest  activity  is  pressing.  This 
year  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  work  was  less  wide  than  formerly, 
the  majority  of  the  men  laboring  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States.  In 
New  England  there  were  18  students.  Of  this  number,  Maine  had  4;  Ver- 
mont, 2;  Massachusetts,  2;  Connecticut,  9;  Rhode  Island,!.  Besides  these, 
4  men  were  employed  in  New  York,  and  in  Wisconsin  and  Kansas  i  each. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  record  how  wide  an  influence  has  gone  forth 
from  the  efforts  made,  but  mere  statistics  do  not  suffice  to  tell  the  story  of 
earnest,  consecrated  effort  in  the  Master's  cause. 


37 

The  following  is  the  list  of  students  thus  engaged  : 
H.  Adadourian,  New  York  City,  preaching  and  other  work. 
H.  G.  BissELL,  Hampton,  Conn.,  pastoral  work. 
J.  A.  Blaisdell,  Beloit,  Wis.,  preaching  in  neighboring  churches. 
I.  A.  BuRNAP,  Weathersfield  Center,  Vt.,  preaching. 
R.  v.  Bury,  Marlborough,  Conn.,  pastoral  work. 
L.  J.  Davies,  Holyoke,  Mass.,  pastors  assistant. 
W.  A.  ESTABROOK,  West  Dover  and  Wilmington,  Vt.,  preaching. 
A.  Hazen,  Jr.,  Middletown,  Conn.,  preaching;  no  church  organization. 
L.  P.  Hitchcock,  North  Waterford,  Me.,  preaching. 
H.  Holmes,  East  Hampton,  Conn.,  pastoral  work. 
J.  Q.  A.  Johnson,  Springfield,  Mass.,  preaching. 
S.  V.  Karmarkar,  Hartford,  Conn.,  gave  several  addresses. 
E.  R.  Latham,  Emporia,  Kan.,  during  June  and  July  ;  Eureka,  Kan.,  during 

August,  preaching. 
H.  B.  Mason,  Freedom,  Me.,  preaching. 
C.  D.  MiLLiKEN,  Hartford,  Conn.,  teaching  and  preaching. 
A.  F.  Newell,  West  Woolwich,  Me.,  preaching. 
E.  M.  PiCKOP,  Bloomfield,  Conn.,  regular  pastor. 
H.    H.    Sargavakian,    Providence,  R.  I.,   work  among  Armenian  young 

men. 
J.  S.  Strong,  Rockport,  Me.,  preaching. 
W.  J.  Tate,  Albion,  Oswego  Co.,  N.  Y.,  preaching. 
N.  Van  der  Pyl,  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  evangelistic  work;  supplied  the  People's 

Church  one  month. 
J.  E.  WiLDEY,  Hockanum,  Conn.,  pastoral  work. 
H.  T.  Williams,  Hartford,  Conn.,  evangelistic  work. 
G.  A.  Wilson,  Hartford,  Conn.,  during  June,  teaching  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ; 

during  July  and  August,  preaching. 

Work  upon  the  new  Case  Memorial  Library  has  been  pushed  steadily 
during  the  summer,  and  the  building  is  nearly  ready  for  the  inside  finishing. 
The  roof  is  almost  completed,  the  cement  floors  have  been  laid  in  the  stack- 
room,  and  the  partitions  in  the  second  and  third  story  of  the  front  portion 
have  been  put  up.  One  can  now  get  a  very  satisfactory  impression  of  the 
whole.  The  main  library  room  is  decidedly  imposing,  and  many  of  the 
special  study  rooms  are  exceedingly  attractive.  A  considerable  time  must 
elapse,  however,  before  the  building  is  ready  for  occupancy. 

In  connection  with  this  statement  in  regard  to  the  building,  it  may  be 
said  that  work  upon  the  books  has  been  carried  on  during  most  of  the  sum- 
mer. The  new  classification  has  proved  a  large  undertaking,  but  is  well 
advanced,  and  will  undoubtedly  prove  of  great  value  to  all  users  of  the 
Library. 

A  new  charging  system  has  gone  into  effect  in  the  Library,  which,  it  is 
hoped,  will  prove  more  efficient  than  the  old.  It  is  the  same  as  that  used  at 
Amherst  College.  New  regulations  have  also  been  printed  and  distributed. 
The  Library  is  open,  as  heretofore,  from  7.30  A.  M.  to  9.30  p.  M. 


38 

The  Calendar  for  the  First  Semester  is  as  follows:  Sept.  17,  Begin- 
ning of  the  Semester ;  Sept.  23,  Informal  talk  by  Professor  Perry  on  The 
Use  of  the  Library  j  Sept.  30  and  Oct.  i,  Addresses  by  Rev.  Frank  Rus- 
sell, D.D.,  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance  on  The  Religious  Conditioti  of  our 
Cofumunities,  3.n(\.  Remedies  for  this  Condition;  Oct.  5,  School  for  Church 
Musicians  opens,  and  Choral  Union  rehearsals  begin;  Oct.  7,  Missionary 
Meeting,  with  an  address  by  Rev.  John  T.  Nichols  on  the  work  of  the 
"Yale  Band"  in  Washington;  Oct.  14-16,  Recess  for  American  Board 
meeting;  Oct.  21,  Faculty  Conference,  led  by  Professor  Bissell,  having 
for  its  subject,  How  is  a  wider  popular  knowledge  of  the  Scriptiires  to 
be  secured?  Nov.  4,  Missionary  Meeting;  Nov.  18,  Faculty  Conference, 
led  by  Professor  Taylor;  Nov.  25-30,  Thanksgiving  Recess;  Dec.  2, 
Missionary  Meeting;  Dec.  9,  Address  by  Rev.  W.  V.  W.  Davis,  D.D.,  of 
Worcester,  Mass.,  on  The  Influence  of  Classical  Rhetoric  upon  Christian 
Preaching;  Dec.  16,  Faculty  Conference,  led  by  Professor  Pratt;  Dec. 
24-Jan.  4,  Christmas  Recess;  Jan.  6,  Missionary  Meeting;  Jan.  15  and 
16,    Examinations  and  close  of  the  Semester. 

The  regular  recitation  hours  remain  as  last  year  :  at  8  A.  m.,  i  i 
A.  M.,  and  3.30  p.  M.,  with  Morning  Prayers  at  9.05  ;  but  the  large  number 
of  electives  chosen  has  necessitated  the  use  of  some  additional  hours. 
There  is  but  one  prescribed  hour  for  General  Exercises  during  the  week, — 
on  Wednesday  evening  at  6.30.  This  hour  will  be  variously  occupied,  as 
follows  :  the  first  Wednesday  in  each  month  by  a  Missionary  Meeting;  the 
second  by  Senior  preaching;  the  third  by  a  Faculty  Conference;  and  the 
fourth  by  an  address  from  some  specialist. 

Morning  prayers  during  the  First  Semester  will  be  led  by  the 
Faculty  in  the  following  order  :  President  Hartranft,  who  takes  for  his  ex- 
position Jeremiah;  Professor  Walker,  y«7«^j-y  Professor  Bissell, /'j^z/z/zj'y 
Professor  Perry,  The  Parables;  Professor  Gillett,  Galatians ;  Professor 
Beardslee,  //  Kings;  Professor  Pratt,  selected  liturgical  passages  of  an 
"impressive"  character;  Professor  Taylor,  The  Words  of  Christ ;  Professor 
Jacobus,  /  Samuel. 

The  series  of  addresses  by  specialists  was  very  pleasantly  inaugurated 
on  September  30  and  October  i,  by  two  lectures  by  Rev.  Frank  Russell, 
D.D.,  Field  Secretary  of  the  EvangeHcal  Alliance.  After  calling  attention 
to  the  great  rehgious  needs  of  all  parts  of  the  country,  he  showed  most  con- 
clusively that  the  churches  were  not  successfully  meeting  those  needs  be- 
cause of  ill-distribution,  lack  of  organization,  and  unconsciousness  of  their 
great  mission.  The  remedy  was  found  in  an  increasing  systematic  co-opera- 
tion of  Christian  workers. 

The  Missionary  Meeting  of  October  7  was  addressed  by  Rev.  John  T. 
Nichols  on  the  peculiar  methods  of  organization  used  by  the  so-called 
"Yale  Band,"  a  company  of  seven  Yale  graduates  settled  in  contiguous  fields 
in  Eastern  Washington.  He  made  a  strong  plea  for  the  prosecution  of 
home  missionary  work  by  similar  groups  of  workers. 


39 

On  October  9,  Rev.  George  W.  Reed,  '87,  who  is  stationed  by  the 
A.  M.  A.  at  Fort  Yates,  No.  Dak.,  gave  a  stirring  address  on  his  work  among 
the  Indians. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Students'  Association,  held  October  i,  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  was  adopted:  "Inasmuch  as  God  in  His  infinite  wisdom 
has  removed  from  our  number  by  death  our  brother  Mr.  H.  G.  Papazian, 
we,  the  students  of  Hartford  Theological  Seminary  hereby  express  our 
appreciation  of  him,  as  a  gentleman  of  strong  Christian  character,  of  sweet 
disposition,  and  of  manliness  in  his  work.  Deeply  regretting  his  loss,  we 
have  assurance  that  this  summons  was  but  the  second  call  of  the  Master, 
'Follow  thou  me.'  " 

On  the  evening  of  Friday,  October  2,  the  Faculty  gave  a  reception  to 
the  students,  the  resident  Trustees,  and  the  ladies  of  the  Women's  Advisory 
Committee.  The  Chapel  and  one  of  the  adjoining  rooms  were  thrown  open 
and  verj^  tastefully  decorated.  President  Hartranft  and  Miss  Ida  Berg 
received,  and  Miss  Cooley  and  Miss  Allen  presided  at  the  refreshment  table. 
The  occasion  proved  highly  enjoyable  to  all  who  participated. 

The  Choral  Union  is  already  well  launched  on  its  twelfth  season.  Its 
work  is  being  prosecuted,  as  last  year,  by  means  of  two  choruses,  the  larger 
for  the  broad  effects  of  oratorio  music,  and  the  smaller  for  part-singing  and 
the  niceties  of  expression.  The  former  meets  on  Monday  evenings,  and  the 
latter  on  Wednesday.  The  conductorship  of  the  Large  Chorus,  which  a 
year  ago  was  to  have  devolved  upon  Mr.  Homer  A.  Norris  of  Boston,  but 
which  he  was  prevented  from  taking  on  account  of  a  sudden  and  serious 
illness,  was  not  permanently  filled  until  July.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
during  last  year  this  chorus  was  under  the  care  first  of  Professor  Pratt  and 
then  of  Mr.  John  S.  Camp,  who  kindly  volunteered  to  serve  ad  interim. 
In  July  the  directors  unanimously  chose  Mr.  Richmond  P.  Paine,  of  New 
Britain,  the  permanent  conductor.  Mr.  Paine  is  making  a  specialty  of 
chorus  singing  and  is  rapidly  winning  a  reputation  throughout  New  England 
in  that  department.  Under  his  leadership  the  chorus  promises  to  regain 
the  size  and  efficiency  of  some  years  ago.  The  opening  rehearsals  have 
been  well  attended  and  marked  with  much  enthusiasm.  The  works  now  in 
preparation  are  Mendelssohn's  great  oratorio,  "St.  Paul,"  and  Sir  Arthur 
Sullivan's  "  Golden  Legend,"  a  brilliant  modern  setting  of  Longfellow's 
well-known  poem.  Neither  of  these  works  has  been  sung  in  Hartford.  The 
list  of  subscribers  to  the  next  May  Festival  is  already  well  under  way,  and 
important  negotiations  for  orchestra  and  soloists  are  pending. 

The  Small  Chorus  is  again  under  the  care  of  Mr.  E.  N.  Anderson,  of 
Worcester,  the  popular  vocal  teacher  in  the  School  for  Church  Musicians. 
Its  membership  is  limited  to  experienced  singers.  The  works  now  in 
rehearsal  comprise  the  unfinished  "  Christus  "  of  Mende'ssohn,  with  selected 
part-songs  by  Rhineberger,  Co  wen,  and  others.  It  is  probable  that  a  musi- 
cale  will  be  given  in  December. 


40 

The  School  for  Church  Musicians  enters  upon  its  second  year 
under  favorable  auspices.  Not  only  is  it  formally  recognized  by  the  Trus- 
tees of  the  Seminary  as  an  appendix  to  the  Seminary  apparatus  and  certain 
privileges  accorded  to  it  thus,  but  it  is  backed  by  a  special  financial  guaranty 
furnished  by  a  company  of  interested  gentlemen  and  ladies,  mostly  in  Hart- 
ford.    Its  circular  announcement  gives  the  following  list  of  instructors : 

E.  N.  Anderson,  Vocal  Culture  and  Interpretation. 

Conductor  of  the  Small  Chorus  of  the  Choral  Union. 

Edward  D.  Hale,  Piano-Playing,  Advanced  and  Elementary. 

Professor  in  the  New  England  Conservatory,  Boston. 

William  C.  Hammond,  Organ-Playing. 

Organist,  Holyoke,  and  Professor,  Smith  College. 

Mrs.  Virginia  P.  Marwick,  Vocal  Culture. 

Church  and  Concert  Singer. 

Homer  A.  Norris,  Composition,  including  Harmony,  Counterpoint  and 
Orchestration.     Organ-Playing. 

Organist,  Boston.     Pupil  of  Dubois  and  Guilmant. 

Richmond  P.  Paine. 

Conductor  of  the  Large  Chorus  of  the  Choral  Union. 

Waldo  S.  Pratt,  History  and  Science. 

Professor,  Hartford  Theological  Seminaiy. 

Henry  Dike  Sleeper,  Sight-Reading,  Harmony  and  Counterpoint. 

Professor-elect,  Beloit  College. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  list  fully  sustains  the  high  standard  of  ability 
that  was  set  last  year.  The  advantages  offered  are  evidently  beginning  to 
be  understood,  and  the  lists  of  special  pupils  are  steadily  filling  up. 

The  managers  of  the  School  have  decided  to  hold  the  plans  for  a  regular 
three-years'  course  of  study  somewhat  in  abeyance  until  other  work  is  better 
established.  Their  efforts  have  been  much  assisted  by  the  kind  permission 
extended  by  the  South  Baptist  Church  for  the  use,  at  least  for  the  present, 
of  their  fine  three-manual  organ  for  lessons. 

As  this  issue  goes  to  press,  arrangements  are  being  perfected  for  an 
elaborate  series  of  "University  Extension"  lectures  and  classes  under  the 
leadership  of  the  Seminary  Faculty.  The  list  of  instructors  already  secured 
includes  the  following  names:  — -  Rev.  S.  J.  Andrews,  D.D.,  Professor  S.  G. 
Barnes,  Ph.D.,  Professor  C.  S.  Beardslee,  Miss  Margaret  Blythe,  Mr.  Rich- 
ard E.  Burton,  Ph.D.,  Mr.  Frederick  H.  Chapin,  Mr.  Edward  D.  Hale,  Mr. 
Frederick  B.  Hartranft,  Rev.  E.  H.  Knight,  Rev.  E.  P.  Parker,  D.D.,  Hon. 
Nathaniel  Shipman,  LL.D.,  Melancthon  Storrs,  M.D.,  and  Professor  Graham 
Taylor,;D.D. 


Horsford's  Acid  Phosphate 

Prepared  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  E.  N.  Horsford. 

Every  fibre  of  the  human  body  contains  the  phos- 
phates. They  are  the  vital  elements  of  every  tissue, 
and  are  essential  to  the  maintenance  and  promotion 
of  sound  bodily  health. 

These  phosphates  are  -consumed  with  every  effort, 
and  if  the  waste  is  not  supplied  exhaustion  will  follow. 

Horsford's  Acid  Phosphate  supplies  these  phos- 
phates, and  thereby  relieves  exhaustion  and  increases 
the  capacity  for  labor. 

Dr.  A.  N.  Krout,  Van  Wert,  O.,  says : 

"  Decidedly  beneficial  in  nervous  exhaustion." 

Dr.  S.  T.  Newman,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  says : 

"A  remedy  of  great  service  in  many  forms  of  ex- 
haustion." 

Dr.  Gustave  A.  Shane,  Steubenville,  O.,  says ; 

"Especially  gratifying  benefit  in  its  use  in  nervous 
irritability  and  exhaustion,  dependent  upon  diges- 
tive derangements." 

Descriptive  panipJilct  free  on  applieation  to 

Rumford  Chemical  Works,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Beware  of  Substitutes  and  Imitations. 

CAUTION.— Be  sure  the  word   "Horsford's  is  printed  on  the 
label.    All  others  are  spurious.     Never  sold  in  bulk. 


STORRS  &  CANDEE, 


SOLE   AGENTS    FOR   CONN.    FOR   THE 


Yost  Writing  Machine. 


The  New  and  Higher    Standard.       No  Ribbon.       Direct  Printing.       Permanen 

Alignment.     Exhaustively  Tested  and  Guaranteed  as  to  Speed, 

Strength,  and  Manifolding  Powers. 

300   ASYLUM  STREET,  HARTFORD. 

The  Genesis  of  Genesis. 

A  Study  of  the  Documentary  Sources  of  the  First  Book  of 

Moses  in  Accordance  with  the  Results  of  Critical 

Science  Illustrated   in  the  Presence  of 

BIBLES  WITHIN  THE  BIBLE, 

By  Benjamin  Wisner  Bacon, 

The  %vork  consists  of  three  parts,  in  the  first  of  which  the 
methods  of  the  higher  criticism  are  explained  and  illustrated ;  in  the 
second  part  the  results  are  laid  before  the  reader,  and  in  the  third 
part  critical  notes  are  added.  There  will  be  an  introduction  by 
Prof.  Geo.  F.  Moore  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary. 

This  work  will  furnish  the  reader  with  information  compactly 
presented,  that  can  only  be  gleaned  by  a  wide  range  of  reading.  It 
will  be  issued  in  the  coming  autumn  by 

THE  STUDENT  PUBLISHING  CO., 

HARTFORD,  CONN. 


The  Hartford  Theological  Seminary  announces  the  publication  of 

A  PRACTICAL   HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

By  EDWIN  CONE  BISSELL,  D.D. 


Extract  from  t ho  Preface:  "This  Grammar  differs  from  other  primary  He- 
brew Grammars  chiefly  in  two  respects:  its  compactness  of  form  —  attained,  it  is  believed, 
without   loss  of  important   matter  —  and  the   facilities   it   offers   for   acquiring,   during   the 

study  of  the  grammatical  principles,  a  choice  Hebrew  vocabulary." "  Among 

other  advantages  of  this  method,  it  lias  been  found  that,  without  any  considerable  increase  of 
the  time  required  to  master  the  principles  of  the  Grammar,  the  student,  while  so  eni^aged,  has 
also  made  a  fair  beginning  in  the  much  neglected  departments  of  Hebrew  etymology  and  syn- 
onymy :  and,  still  better,  acquired  a  vocabulary  sufficient  to  enable  him  to  read  at  sight  in  the 
historical  books  of  the  Bible." 

Extract"*  from  Letters:  From  Prof.  R.  F.  Weidner,  D.D.,  Augustana  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  Rock  Island,  111. —  "  I  have  just  finished  the  careful  reading  of  your  Hebrew 
Grammar,  and  I  wish  to  express  to  you  how  much  I  was  pleased  with  it.  It  is  an  excellent 
text-book,  and  I  am  not  at  all  surprised  that  your  class,  after  having  gone  through  this  work, 
is  able  to  read  readily  at  sight." 

From  Prof.  Henry  A.  Buttz,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  President  Drew  Theological  Seminary, 
Madison,  N.  J. —  "  Its  plan  is  at  once  scientific  and  practical.  The  clearness  of  its  statements, 
its  exercises,  list  of  synonyms,  etc.,  must  commend  your  book  to  all  instructors  in  this 
language." 

From  Prof.  Milton  S.  Terry,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Old  Testament  Exegesis,  Garrett 
Biblical  Institute,  Evanston,  111. —  "I  have  looked  over  the  copy  of  your  Hebrew  Gram- 
mar, and  think  it  admirably  adapted  to  its  purpose.  I  doubt  not  it  will  be  welcomed  by  many 
teachers." 

Several  Professors  of  Hebrew  have  already  signified  their  intention  of  adopting  it 
next  year. 

Ket  price  i^er  copy,  for  any  number  of  copies,  $1.73.  Single  copies, 
jiost-paid,  $1.85. 

Address 

Hartford  Theological  Seminary, 

HARTFORD,   CONN. 

^^JT^B  CASE,  LOCKWOOD  &  BRAiNARD  COMPANY. 


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KOYELLO'S  SHORT  AKTHEMS. 

A  series  of  new  Anthems  published  to  meet  the  want 
of  short  and  easy  anthems,  adapted  to  the  Church's 
Seasons,  and  more  especially  for 

INTROITS  AND  OFFERTORY. 


Edited  by  Sir  John  Stainer  and  W.  Russell. 


Price  5  and  6  Cents  each. 


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No.  I.     God,  who  is  rich  in  mercy.    For  Easter. 

G.  M.  Garrett. 

2.  When  my  sou!  fainteth  within  me.     For  East- 

er or  general  use,  with  bass  solo. 

J.  F.  Bridge. 

3.  Praised  be  the  Lord  daily.      For  Whitsun-tide 

or  other  festival  seasons.        J.  B.  Calkin. 

4.  The  great  day  of  the  Lord  is  near.     For  Ad-   \ 

vent.  Geo.  C.  Martin.  '* 

5.  Teach  me  Thy  way.     For  Trinity-tide  or  gen- 

eral use.  W.   H.  Gl.\dstone. 

6.  Who  are  we,  O  Lord  ?    For  dedications,  alms- 

giving, etc.  Chas.  H.  Loyd. 

7.  Our  Soul  on  God  with  patience  waits.     With 

tenor  solo.  G.  M    Garrett. 

8.  I  will  magnify  Thee.      For  Easter  or  general 

use.  B.  LuARD  Selby. 

g.     Blessed  is  He.     With  soprano  or  tenor  solo. 
B.  LuARD  Selby. 

10.  Beloved  now  are  we.     For  Advent. 

E.  H.  Thorne. 

11.  Grant,  we  beseech  Thee.     For  Lent  or  general 

use.  J.  Booth. 

12.  The  pillars  of  the  earth  are  the  Lord's.     For 

Saints'  Day  or  general  use.  B.  Tours. 

13.  O  Lord,  my  trust.    For  Trinity  or  general  use. 

With  soprano  or  tenor  solo.     King  Hall. 
(To  be  continued.) 


SHORT  SETTINGS 

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Office  for  the  Holy  Cofflmunion 

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14. 

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HARVEY  LOHR  in  A  minor. 
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BS1225.4  .8622 

The  Pentateuchal  analysis  and 


^    1012  00039  5352 


